Cannabis in Mexico: Difference between revisions
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'''Cannabis in Mexico''' has been illegal since 1920, but personal possession was decriminalized in 2009. Medical use for [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] content less than 1% was legalized in 2017. |
'''Cannabis in Mexico''' has been illegal since 1920, but personal possession was decriminalized in 2009. Medical use for [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] content less than 1% was legalized in 2017. |
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==History== |
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Cannabis was probably introduced to Mexico by the Spanish as early as the 16th century, for rope and textiles.<ref name="ClarkeMerlin2013">{{cite book|author1=Robert Clarke|author2=Mark Merlin|title=Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=poenY6QMq8UC&pg=PA130|date=1 September 2013|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-95457-1|pages=130–}}</ref> Some academics also believe that indigenous Mexicans adopted psychoactive cannabis as the drug ''pipiltzintzintlis'' for ritual purposes and divination.<ref name="Campos2012">{{cite book|author=Isaac Campos|title=Home Grown: Marijuana and the Origins of Mexico's War on Drugs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uF-BFE3raD8C&pg=PA253|date=23 April 2012|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-8268-9|pages=253–}}</ref> Following Mexico's independence in 1810, hemp farming decreased as subsidies from Spain evaporated.<ref name="ClarkeMerlin2013"/> |
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===Prohibition=== |
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In 1882, cannabis was banned at the military hospital in Mexico City, to prevent violence and disorder.<ref name="LabateCavnar2016">{{cite book|author1=Beatriz Caiuby Labate|author2=Clancy Cavnar|author3=Thiago Rodrigues|title=Drug Policies and the Politics of Drugs in the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_zCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|date=30 July 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-29082-9|pages=37–}}</ref> In 1920, Mexico banned the production, sale, and recreational use of cannabis.<ref name="Campos2012">{{cite book|author=Isaac Campos|title=Home Grown: Marijuana and the Origins of Mexico's War on Drugs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXNSpdfxbmUC&pg=PA200|year=2012|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-3538-8|pages=200–}}</ref> In 1927, Mexico banned the export of cannabis.<ref name="Cimino2013">{{cite book|author=Al Cimino|title=Drug Wars: The Mexican Cartels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LjKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT208|date=15 July 2013|publisher=Arcturus Publishing|isbn=978-1-78428-044-4|pages=208–}}</ref> |
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===Eradication=== |
===Eradication=== |
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Revision as of 11:49, 18 December 2017
 | This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia. (May 2017) |
Cannabis in Mexico has been illegal since 1920, but personal possession was decriminalized in 2009. Medical use for THC content less than 1% was legalized in 2017.
History
Cannabis was probably introduced to Mexico by the Spanish as early as the 16th century, for rope and textiles.[1] Some academics also believe that indigenous Mexicans adopted psychoactive cannabis as the drug pipiltzintzintlis for ritual purposes and divination.[2] Following Mexico's independence in 1810, hemp farming decreased as subsidies from Spain evaporated.[1]
Prohibition
In 1882, cannabis was banned at the military hospital in Mexico City, to prevent violence and disorder.[3] In 1920, Mexico banned the production, sale, and recreational use of cannabis.[2] In 1927, Mexico banned the export of cannabis.[4]
Eradication
During the late 1970s, a controversial program sponsored by the US government sprayed paraquat on cannabis fields in Mexico.[5] Following Mexican efforts to eradicate marijuana and poppy fields in 1975, the United States government helped by sending helicopters and other technological assistance. Helicopters were used to spray the herbicides paraquat and 2,4-D on the fields; marijuana contaminated with these substances began to show up in US markets, leading to debate about the program.[6]
Medical cannabis
The medical use of cannabis is legal in Mexico; however, THC content is limited to 1%.[7] President Nieto signed a bill into law establishing this policy in June 2017.[8] It passed the Senate by a 98–7 vote in December 2016, and the Lower House of Congress by a 371–19 vote in April 2017.[8]
Decriminalization
On 21 August 2009, Mexico decriminalized "personal use" possession of up to five grams of cannabis.[9]
2015 Supreme Court ruling
In November 2015, the Supreme Court ruled that four individuals from the Mexican Society for Responsible and Tolerant Personal Use would be permitted to grow and smoke their own marijuana. The court voted 4–1 that prohibiting people from growing the drug for personal consumption was unconstitutional as it violated the human right to the free development of one's personality.[10] The ruling did not change any current laws, but could lay the groundwork for future legal actions that force a rewrite of the laws.[11]
References
- ^ a b Robert Clarke; Mark Merlin (1 September 2013). Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany. University of California Press. pp. 130–. ISBN 978-0-520-95457-1.
- ^ a b Isaac Campos (23 April 2012). Home Grown: Marijuana and the Origins of Mexico's War on Drugs. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 253–. ISBN 978-0-8078-8268-9. Cite error: The named reference "Campos2012" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Beatriz Caiuby Labate; Clancy Cavnar; Thiago Rodrigues (30 July 2016). Drug Policies and the Politics of Drugs in the Americas. Springer. pp. 37–. ISBN 978-3-319-29082-9.
- ^ Al Cimino (15 July 2013). Drug Wars: The Mexican Cartels. Arcturus Publishing. pp. 208–. ISBN 978-1-78428-044-4.
- ^ Panic over Paraquat, Time Magazine, May 1, 1978
- ^ "Drug Survival News". Vol. 6, no. 5. March 1978.
- ^ Janikian, Michelle (14 September 2017). "Legal Pot In Mexico: Everything You Need to Know". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
- ^ a b Osborne, Samuel (21 June 2017). "Mexico legalises medical marijuana". The Independent. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
- ^ "Mexico Legalizes Drug Possession". The New York Times. 21 August 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
- ^ "Mexico court ruling could eventually lead to legal marijuana". BBC. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
- ^ Malkin, Elisabeth; Ahmed, Azam (4 November 2015). "Ruling in Mexico Sets Into Motion Legal Marijuana". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
