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= Background =
The '''Sahamalaza sportive lemur''' (''Lepilemur sahamalazensis'') is a [[sportive lemur]] endemic to [[Madagascar]]. It has a total length of about {{convert|51|cm}} to {{convert|54|cm}}, of which about 26-27 centimeters are tail.<ref name="garbutt">{{cite book|title=Mammals of Madagascar, A Complete Guide|author=Garbutt, Nick|year=2007|pages=127–128}}</ref> Sahamalaza's sportive lemur is found in northwestern Madagascar, living in subhumid forest and some secondary forests.<ref name="garbutt" />

== Species ==
There are about 3,000 [[Sportive lemur|sportive lemurs]] in the Madagascar area<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Seiler|first=Melanie|last2=Holderied|first2=Marc|last3=Schwitzer|first3=Christoph|date=2014-06-13|title=Habitat selection and use in the Critically Endangered Sahamalaza sportive lemur Lepilemur sahamalazensis in altered habitat|url=http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/esr/v24/n3/p273-286/|journal=Endangered Species Research|language=en|volume=24|issue=3|pages=273–286|doi=10.3354/esr00596|issn=1863-5407}}</ref>, but only a small percentage of the sportive lemurs are Sahamalaza lemurs, or  which derive their name from their native  Sahamalaza Peninsula<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nazarbioanthro.blogspot.com/2013/10/sahamalaza-sportive-lemur-lepilemur.html|title=Sahamalaza sportive lemur (Lepilemur sahamalazensis).|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref>. These lemurs are severely endangered; in fact, they are the most endangered species of lemurs<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/136645/0|title=Lepilemur sahamalazensis (Sahamalaza Peninsula Sportive Lemur, Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur)|website=www.iucnredlist.org|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.speciesconservation.org/case-studies-projects/sahamalaza-sportive-lemur/5890|title=Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur sahamalazensis)|last=|first=|date=|website=The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref> due in part to the sleeping and mating habits they share with other sportive lemurs: Researchers have found that they prefer to sleep in tree holes, where they can be spotted during the day

=== Distinctive Features ===
Sportive lemurs are nocturnal, so one of the main features about them are the large orange eyes, which are especially adapted for seeing in the dark. They also have a great sense of smell and the tips of their pointed little noses are wet like a dog’s and very sensitive. They weigh between around 700-900g each, but females are up to 200g heavier than males. Head and body length is approximately 26cm, and the tail is equally long. The color of their fur has elements of grey and red-brown, but this is variable depending on light conditions and possibly age of individuals. They all have lighter belly fur, which ranges from grey to creamy colored. The sportive lemur is predominantly arboreal, moving among trees with long jumps powered by their strong hind legs. On the ground, they hop like kangaroos. At night they are active and quite vocal. By day they hide in the leafy covering or holes in tree trunks. They are solitary and defend their territory vehemently against same sex intruders. Territories of males and females can overlap.

Sportive lemurs have been found to be inactive for around 50% of their waking time, to sit around essentially doing nothing for up to 2hrs at a time and to travel on average only 343m per night. Prolonged rates of inactivity presumably allow the digestion and detoxification necessary due to low quality food and to reduce overall energy expenditure.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monkeyland.co.za/sahamalaza-sportive-lemur_article_op_view_id_97|title=Sahamalaza sportive lemur {{!}} Monkeyland Primate Sanctuary, Plettenberg Bay, South Africa|website=www.monkeyland.co.za|language=en|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://eol.org/pages/42024/details|title=Sportive Lemurs - Lepilemur - Details - Encyclopedia of Life|website=Encyclopedia of Life|language=en|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref>

=== Similar Lemurs ===
There are many different “Sportive Lemurs”.  On ipfs.io, there is an article that lists all the different Sportive Lemurs.  There is listed 26 different Sportive Lemurs<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Sportive_lemur.html|title=Sportive lemur|website=ipfs.io|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref>. All of these lemurs are endangered<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.allaboutwildlife.com/the-northern-sportive-lemur|title=THE NORTHERN SPORTIVE LEMUR|date=2012-12-08|work=All About Wildlife|access-date=2018-02-13|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhptv.org/wild/lepilemuridae.asp|title=Lepilemuridae - sportive lemurs {{!}} Wildlife Journal Junior|website=www.nhptv.org|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref>.  They are all found in the Madagascar area<ref name=":5" />.  Lemurs are nocturnal and herbivores; they eat fruit, bark and flowers<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />.  The average lifespan Lemurs live is about 8 years.  They will have about one offspring as well<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepilemur_septentrionalis/|title=Lepilemur septentrionalis (northern sportive lemur)|website=Animal Diversity Web|language=en|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref>.  This does not help them for being endangered.  Sportive Lemurs are very alike, they are all part of the same family; therefore, it could be very hard to find a specific lemur<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://monkeyland.co.za/index.php?comp=article&op=view&id=97|title=Sahamalaza sportive lemur {{!}} Monkeyland Primate Sanctuary, Plettenberg Bay, South Africa|website=monkeyland.co.za|language=en|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref>.

== The Population ==
The Sahamalaza sportive lemur was first studied in 2006; in 2007, a survey was taken of the sportive lemur population, which totaled  around 3000 individuals across multiple species; as a result of this study, the Sahamalaza sportive lemur was added to the International Union for Conservation of Nature  [IUCN] list of critically endangered animals<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.psgb.org/pdfs/Isabella_Mandl_Final_Report_small.pdf|title=Nightly Encounters: Understanding the social system and the vocal communication of the Critically Endangered Sahamalaza sportive lemur, Lepilemur sahamalazensis, in north-west Madagascar to aid conservation efforts|last=Mandl|first=Isabella|date=September 2016|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. Sportive lemurs are very hard and difficult to research, and the exact population of Sahamalaza species remains unknown, but it is believed that it has risen as a result of the 2007 conservation actions<ref name=":6" />.  

== Location ==
Sahamalaza sportive lemurs are exclusive to one area, the Sahamalaza Peninsula in northwestern Madagascar<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/136645/0|title=Lepilemur sahamalazensis (Sahamalaza Peninsula Sportive Lemur, Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur)|website=www.iucnredlist.org|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Seiler|first=Melanie|last2=Schwitzer|first2=Christoph|last3=Gamba|first3=Marco|last4=Holderied|first4=Marc W.|date=2013-06-25|title=Interspecific Semantic Alarm Call Recognition in the Solitary Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur, Lepilemur sahamalazensis|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0067397|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=8|issue=6|pages=e67397|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0067397|issn=1932-6203}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Seiler|first=Melanie|last2=Holderied|first2=Marc|last3=Schwitzer|first3=Christoph|date=2014-06-13|title=Habitat selection and use in the Critically Endangered Sahamalaza sportive lemur Lepilemur sahamalazensis in altered habitat|url=http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/esr/v24/n3/p273-286/|journal=Endangered Species Research|language=en|volume=24|issue=3|pages=273–286|doi=10.3354/esr00596|issn=1863-5407}}</ref>. The peninsula is part of a transition zone between the Sambirano region and the deciduous forest region <ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":8" />. The peninsula has been through great anthropogenic deforestation, endangering the lemurs<ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":9" />, and no intact forests remain; the remaining forestation consists of five forest fragments. Of these, the most frequently studied is the Ankarafa forest <ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":8" />, which lies between coordinates 13°52′S and 14°27′S and 45°38′E and 47°46′E <ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":9" />. The Ankarafa forest lies on the transition zone, harboring semi humid forest with tree heights up to 25m <ref name=":9" />. Sahamalaza sportive lemurs like areas with high tree density and canopy cover with lots of places to sleep <ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/thoughtful-animal/eavesdropping-lemurs-tune-into-the-forest-soundtrack-to-survive/|title=Eavesdropping Lemurs Tune Into the Forest Soundtrack to Survive|last=Goldman|first=Jason G.|work=Scientific American Blog Network|access-date=2018-02-13|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2" /> . The climate here is seasonal; May-October is cool and dry, while November-April is hot and rainy <ref name=":8" />.

== Origin ==
The Sahamalaza sportive lemur comes from the Sahamalaza Peninsula, located in northern Madagascar. It is located in between the Sambirano region and western dry forest region<ref name=":1" />. The Sahamalaza Peninsula offers an abundance of food sources and places to sleep for the lemurs. Sahamalaza sportive lemurs enjoy the thickness of trees, and the coverage they offer for protection<ref name=":1" />.

== Diet ==
The majority of the sportive lemurs’ diet consists of leaves; however, they sometimes also eat:

•Fruit

•Flowers

•Latex

•Bark

•Small insects and Grubs.

It is very rare for leaf-eating primates to be nocturnal, presumably because leaves are relatively low in sugars at night, since photosynthesis occurs at a lower rate or not at all. The metabolic rates of Lepilemur are amongst the lowest recorded in mammalian folivores, and they are amazingly adapted for surviving mainly on leaves despite their small size. A famous primatologist therefore suggested in the 1980s that Lepilemur can only fulfil their dietary requirements with the aid of cacophagy (eating their own poop).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

== Habits ==
The Sahamalaza lemurs eavesdrop on other species’ calls so that they can be alert when predators are near <ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /> <ref name=":7" />, a habit confirmed by experiments; when the call of a harrier hawk (a predator to Sahamalaza lemurs) was played near them, they became more alert and scanned the sky <ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":8" /> . These lemurs like to rest alone during daylight hours in tree holes or tree triangles <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":9" />. When resting in tree holes, they like to lay closer to the entrance to feel/be in the sunlight. Those that rest in tree holes are usually found in ''Bridelia pervileana'' <ref name=":7" />. During the nighttime, they eat and rest more. It has been recorded that 47% of the time they are resting, and 18% of the time they are feeding<ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":8" />. They have a low level of social interaction and it is likely that they are solitary <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":9" />.

== Predators ==
The Sahamalaza sportive lemurs has animal as predators, human predators and also natural disasters as predators of them too<ref name=":6" />. Their land that they live in is vanishing due to people expanding. The trees that they live in and sleep in are being cut down by loggers<ref name=":6" />. One of the natural disasters that kill the Sahamalaza Sportive Lemurs is wildfires or bushfires that go from the months of May to October. The Sahamalaza sportive  lemur also gets hunted by the local people that live in Madagascar for their food which is illegal<ref name=":6" />. A Malagasy tree boa also hunts the lemurs while they are sleeping in their tree holes<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepilemur_septentrionalis/|title=Lepilemur septentrionalis (northern sportive lemur)|website=Animal Diversity Web|language=en|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref>. The Malagasy boa is a type of snake that eats pray all at once by squeezing their prey to death. Also, Large birds of prey hunt them like the  Falconiformes and Strigiform, which are type of hawks that live in that area<ref name=":11" />.  

= Conservation Efforts =
According to IUCN, the Sahamalaza sportive Lemur is on the "Critically Endangered" list<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monkeyland.co.za/sahamalaza-sportive-lemur_article_op_view_id_97|title=Sahamalaza sportive lemur {{!}} Monkeyland Primate Sanctuary, Plettenberg Bay, South Africa|website=www.monkeyland.co.za|language=en|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref>. This lemur has been added to the list due to the last 10 years of habitat loss and hunting<ref name=":12" />. The lemur now only has a limited space to live since the majority of their habitat is being destroyed for the utilization of wood. However, their population is also decreasing due to the fact that they are being hunted for food. In an effort to help increase their population and regain their habitat, researchers have created the Sahamalaza - Iles Radama Nation Park<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aeecl.org/programme.shtml|title=AEECL - Sahamalaza Programme|website=www.aeecl.org|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref> to provide shelter and new habitat for the lemur. Researchers also urge people to visit and help discover scientific research to gain more knowledge on this near extinct lemur<ref name=":12" />.

Networks, such as the Association Européenne pour I'Etude et la Conservation des Lémuriens, also known as AEECL, has worked continuously since 2001 to reserve space for the Sahamalaza - Iles Radama National Park; in September of 2001 the Sahamalaza Peninsula has been declared as a UNESCO biosphere reserve<ref name=":13" /> <ref name=":1" />. Partnering up with the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)<ref name=":13" /> helped gain publicity to the program. The main goal of AEECL's work is to ensure that critically endangered lemurs, such as the blue-eyed black lemur and Sahamalaza sportive lemur, will have more habitat space and won't be hunted<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seiler|first=Melanie|date=October 2009|title=Conservation ecology of the Sahamalaza sportive lemur|url=http://www.academia.edu/26196694/Conservation_ecology_of_the_Sahamalaza_sportive_lemur|journal=LifeLines|volume=Number 106|pages=14-15|via=}}</ref>.    


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Lepilemur sahamalazensis}}
<references />{{Commons category|Lepilemur sahamalazensis}}


{{Lepilemuridae nav}}
{{Lepilemuridae nav}}

Revision as of 17:00, 13 February 2018

Sahamalaza sportive lemur
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Family: Lepilemuridae
Genus: Lepilemur
Species:
L. sahamalazensis
Binomial name
Lepilemur sahamalazensis
Andriaholinirina et al., 2006[3]
Distribution of L. sahamalazensis[1]

Background

Species

There are about 3,000 sportive lemurs in the Madagascar area[4], but only a small percentage of the sportive lemurs are Sahamalaza lemurs, or  which derive their name from their native  Sahamalaza Peninsula[5]. These lemurs are severely endangered; in fact, they are the most endangered species of lemurs[4] [6] [7] due in part to the sleeping and mating habits they share with other sportive lemurs: Researchers have found that they prefer to sleep in tree holes, where they can be spotted during the day

Distinctive Features

Sportive lemurs are nocturnal, so one of the main features about them are the large orange eyes, which are especially adapted for seeing in the dark. They also have a great sense of smell and the tips of their pointed little noses are wet like a dog’s and very sensitive. They weigh between around 700-900g each, but females are up to 200g heavier than males. Head and body length is approximately 26cm, and the tail is equally long. The color of their fur has elements of grey and red-brown, but this is variable depending on light conditions and possibly age of individuals. They all have lighter belly fur, which ranges from grey to creamy colored. The sportive lemur is predominantly arboreal, moving among trees with long jumps powered by their strong hind legs. On the ground, they hop like kangaroos. At night they are active and quite vocal. By day they hide in the leafy covering or holes in tree trunks. They are solitary and defend their territory vehemently against same sex intruders. Territories of males and females can overlap.

Sportive lemurs have been found to be inactive for around 50% of their waking time, to sit around essentially doing nothing for up to 2hrs at a time and to travel on average only 343m per night. Prolonged rates of inactivity presumably allow the digestion and detoxification necessary due to low quality food and to reduce overall energy expenditure.[8] [9]

Similar Lemurs

There are many different “Sportive Lemurs”.  On ipfs.io, there is an article that lists all the different Sportive Lemurs.  There is listed 26 different Sportive Lemurs[4] [7] [10]. All of these lemurs are endangered[4] [11] [12].  They are all found in the Madagascar area[12].  Lemurs are nocturnal and herbivores; they eat fruit, bark and flowers[4][12].  The average lifespan Lemurs live is about 8 years.  They will have about one offspring as well[13].  This does not help them for being endangered.  Sportive Lemurs are very alike, they are all part of the same family; therefore, it could be very hard to find a specific lemur[14].

The Population

The Sahamalaza sportive lemur was first studied in 2006; in 2007, a survey was taken of the sportive lemur population, which totaled  around 3000 individuals across multiple species; as a result of this study, the Sahamalaza sportive lemur was added to the International Union for Conservation of Nature  [IUCN] list of critically endangered animals[15]. Sportive lemurs are very hard and difficult to research, and the exact population of Sahamalaza species remains unknown, but it is believed that it has risen as a result of the 2007 conservation actions[15].  

Location

Sahamalaza sportive lemurs are exclusive to one area, the Sahamalaza Peninsula in northwestern Madagascar[7] [16] [17] [18]. The peninsula is part of a transition zone between the Sambirano region and the deciduous forest region [16] [17]. The peninsula has been through great anthropogenic deforestation, endangering the lemurs[16] [18], and no intact forests remain; the remaining forestation consists of five forest fragments. Of these, the most frequently studied is the Ankarafa forest [18] [17], which lies between coordinates 13°52′S and 14°27′S and 45°38′E and 47°46′E [16] [17] [18]. The Ankarafa forest lies on the transition zone, harboring semi humid forest with tree heights up to 25m [18]. Sahamalaza sportive lemurs like areas with high tree density and canopy cover with lots of places to sleep [18] [17] [19] [7] . The climate here is seasonal; May-October is cool and dry, while November-April is hot and rainy [17].

Origin

The Sahamalaza sportive lemur comes from the Sahamalaza Peninsula, located in northern Madagascar. It is located in between the Sambirano region and western dry forest region[6]. The Sahamalaza Peninsula offers an abundance of food sources and places to sleep for the lemurs. Sahamalaza sportive lemurs enjoy the thickness of trees, and the coverage they offer for protection[6].

Diet

The majority of the sportive lemurs’ diet consists of leaves; however, they sometimes also eat:

•Fruit

•Flowers

•Latex

•Bark

•Small insects and Grubs.

It is very rare for leaf-eating primates to be nocturnal, presumably because leaves are relatively low in sugars at night, since photosynthesis occurs at a lower rate or not at all. The metabolic rates of Lepilemur are amongst the lowest recorded in mammalian folivores, and they are amazingly adapted for surviving mainly on leaves despite their small size. A famous primatologist therefore suggested in the 1980s that Lepilemur can only fulfil their dietary requirements with the aid of cacophagy (eating their own poop).[8][9]

Habits

The Sahamalaza lemurs eavesdrop on other species’ calls so that they can be alert when predators are near [18] [17][19] [16], a habit confirmed by experiments; when the call of a harrier hawk (a predator to Sahamalaza lemurs) was played near them, they became more alert and scanned the sky [18] [17] . These lemurs like to rest alone during daylight hours in tree holes or tree triangles [17] [16] [18]. When resting in tree holes, they like to lay closer to the entrance to feel/be in the sunlight. Those that rest in tree holes are usually found in Bridelia pervileana [16]. During the nighttime, they eat and rest more. It has been recorded that 47% of the time they are resting, and 18% of the time they are feeding[18] [17]. They have a low level of social interaction and it is likely that they are solitary [7] [18].

Predators

The Sahamalaza sportive lemurs has animal as predators, human predators and also natural disasters as predators of them too[15]. Their land that they live in is vanishing due to people expanding. The trees that they live in and sleep in are being cut down by loggers[15]. One of the natural disasters that kill the Sahamalaza Sportive Lemurs is wildfires or bushfires that go from the months of May to October. The Sahamalaza sportive  lemur also gets hunted by the local people that live in Madagascar for their food which is illegal[15]. A Malagasy tree boa also hunts the lemurs while they are sleeping in their tree holes[20]. The Malagasy boa is a type of snake that eats pray all at once by squeezing their prey to death. Also, Large birds of prey hunt them like the  Falconiformes and Strigiform, which are type of hawks that live in that area[20].  

Conservation Efforts

According to IUCN, the Sahamalaza sportive Lemur is on the "Critically Endangered" list[21]. This lemur has been added to the list due to the last 10 years of habitat loss and hunting[21]. The lemur now only has a limited space to live since the majority of their habitat is being destroyed for the utilization of wood. However, their population is also decreasing due to the fact that they are being hunted for food. In an effort to help increase their population and regain their habitat, researchers have created the Sahamalaza - Iles Radama Nation Park[22] to provide shelter and new habitat for the lemur. Researchers also urge people to visit and help discover scientific research to gain more knowledge on this near extinct lemur[21].

Networks, such as the Association Européenne pour I'Etude et la Conservation des Lémuriens, also known as AEECL, has worked continuously since 2001 to reserve space for the Sahamalaza - Iles Radama National Park; in September of 2001 the Sahamalaza Peninsula has been declared as a UNESCO biosphere reserve[22] [6]. Partnering up with the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)[22] helped gain publicity to the program. The main goal of AEECL's work is to ensure that critically endangered lemurs, such as the blue-eyed black lemur and Sahamalaza sportive lemur, will have more habitat space and won't be hunted[23].    

References

  1. ^ a b Andriaholinirina, N.; et al. (2014). "Lepilemur sahamalazensis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. IUCN: e.T136645A61986700. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T136645A61986700.en. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  2. ^ "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  3. ^ Andriaholinirina, N.; Fausser, J.; Roos, C.; Rumpler, Y.; et al. (2006-02-23). "Molecular phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the sportive lemurs (Lepilemur, Primates)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 6: 17. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-17. PMC 1397877. PMID 16504080.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e Seiler, Melanie; Holderied, Marc; Schwitzer, Christoph (2014-06-13). "Habitat selection and use in the Critically Endangered Sahamalaza sportive lemur Lepilemur sahamalazensis in altered habitat". Endangered Species Research. 24 (3): 273–286. doi:10.3354/esr00596. ISSN 1863-5407.
  5. ^ "Sahamalaza sportive lemur (Lepilemur sahamalazensis)". Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  6. ^ a b c d "Lepilemur sahamalazensis (Sahamalaza Peninsula Sportive Lemur, Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur)". www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur sahamalazensis)". The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund. Retrieved February 13, 2018. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  8. ^ a b "Sahamalaza sportive lemur | Monkeyland Primate Sanctuary, Plettenberg Bay, South Africa". www.monkeyland.co.za. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  9. ^ a b "Sportive Lemurs - Lepilemur - Details - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  10. ^ "Sportive lemur". ipfs.io. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  11. ^ "THE NORTHERN SPORTIVE LEMUR". All About Wildlife. 2012-12-08. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  12. ^ a b c "Lepilemuridae - sportive lemurs | Wildlife Journal Junior". www.nhptv.org. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  13. ^ "Lepilemur septentrionalis (northern sportive lemur)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  14. ^ "Sahamalaza sportive lemur | Monkeyland Primate Sanctuary, Plettenberg Bay, South Africa". monkeyland.co.za. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  15. ^ a b c d e Mandl, Isabella (September 2016). "Nightly Encounters: Understanding the social system and the vocal communication of the Critically Endangered Sahamalaza sportive lemur, Lepilemur sahamalazensis, in north-west Madagascar to aid conservation efforts" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  16. ^ a b c d e f g "Lepilemur sahamalazensis (Sahamalaza Peninsula Sportive Lemur, Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur)". www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Seiler, Melanie; Schwitzer, Christoph; Gamba, Marco; Holderied, Marc W. (2013-06-25). "Interspecific Semantic Alarm Call Recognition in the Solitary Sahamalaza Sportive Lemur, Lepilemur sahamalazensis". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e67397. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067397. ISSN 1932-6203.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Seiler, Melanie; Holderied, Marc; Schwitzer, Christoph (2014-06-13). "Habitat selection and use in the Critically Endangered Sahamalaza sportive lemur Lepilemur sahamalazensis in altered habitat". Endangered Species Research. 24 (3): 273–286. doi:10.3354/esr00596. ISSN 1863-5407.
  19. ^ a b Goldman, Jason G. "Eavesdropping Lemurs Tune Into the Forest Soundtrack to Survive". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  20. ^ a b "Lepilemur septentrionalis (northern sportive lemur)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  21. ^ a b c "Sahamalaza sportive lemur | Monkeyland Primate Sanctuary, Plettenberg Bay, South Africa". www.monkeyland.co.za. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  22. ^ a b c "AEECL - Sahamalaza Programme". www.aeecl.org. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  23. ^ Seiler, Melanie (October 2009). "Conservation ecology of the Sahamalaza sportive lemur". LifeLines. Number 106: 14–15. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
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