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''This is a'' [[Chinese name]]''; the'' [[Chinese surname|family name]] ''is'' ''[[Fan (surname)|Fan(范）]]''
''This is a'' [[Chinese name]]''; the'' [[Chinese surname|family name]] ''is'' ''[[Fan (surname)|Fan(范）]]''
[[File:Fan WenCheng.jpg|thumb|Fan Wencheng]]
[[File:Fan WenCheng.jpg|thumb|Fan Wencheng]]
'''Fan Wencheng''' ([[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified Chinese]]: 范文程; [[Traditional Chinese characters|traditional Chinese]]: 範文程; [[pinyin]]: Fànwénchéng, [[courtesy name]]: '''Xiandou''', born 1597- died 1666) was a [[Qing dynasty]] [[Scholar-official|Scholar-Official]], [[Prime minister|Prime Minster]] and [[Grand Secretary]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNtwAAAAMAAJ&q=fan+wencheng&dq=fan+wencheng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU1KPXh8rZAhUCy2MKHb6qDSk4ChDoAQg2MAM|title=Ming Qing Yanjiu|date=2002|publisher=Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici, Istituto Universitario Orientale|language=en}}</ref> ''(Daxue Shi)''. His official career went through four generation of [[Qing dynasty]] emperors through [[Nurhaci]], [[Hong Taiji]], [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi]], and [[Kangxi Emperor|Kangxi]]. Many rules and regulations in the early days of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]] were drafted by him.
'''Fan Wencheng''' ([[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified Chinese]]: 范文程; [[Traditional Chinese characters|traditional Chinese]]: 範文程; [[pinyin]]: Fànwénchéng, [[courtesy name]]: '''Xiandou''', born 1597- died 1666) was a [[Qing dynasty]] [[Scholar-official|Scholar-Official]], [[Prime minister|Prime Minster]] and [[Grand Secretary]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNtwAAAAMAAJ&q=fan+wencheng&dq=fan+wencheng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU1KPXh8rZAhUCy2MKHb6qDSk4ChDoAQg2MAM|title=Ming Qing Yanjiu|date=2002|publisher=Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici, Istituto Universitario Orientale|language=en}}</ref> ''(Daxue Shi)''. His official career went through four generation of [[Qing dynasty]] emperors through [[Nurhaci]], [[Hong Taiji]], [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi]], and [[Kangxi Emperor|Kangxi]]. Many rules and regulations in the early days of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]] were drafted by him.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwUgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264&dq=fan+wencheng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiryefH_8nZAhVN3WMKHQ5DDkAQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=fan%20wencheng&f=false|title=Qing Governors and Their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644-1796|last=Guy|first=R. Kent|date=2017-05-01|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=|isbn=9780295997506|location=|pages=264|language=en}}</ref>


== Early Life ==
== Early Life ==


=== [[Nurhaci]]'s Appreciation ===
=== [[Nurhaci]]'s Appreciation ===
He was born in an official family in [[Ming dynasty]], claiming himself to be a descendant of [[Fan Zhongyan|Fan Zhongyan(989-1052)]], a famous statesmen in the [[Northern Song Dynasty]]. However, the Fan family had exiled and migrated to [[Manchuria]] by [[17th century|early Seventeenth Century]].  (The specific position is in [[Shenyang|ShenYang]] city in China.) It is worth mentioning that Fan Wencheng's great-grandfather was the President of the Board of War during the [[Ming dynasty]] who surrendered to [[Manchu people|Manchu army]] (led by [[Nurhaci|Nurhachi]]) when it conquered the North Pass ([[Fushun|Fu Shun]]) in 1618.  Fan Wencheng loved reading when he was a young. He was very intelligent and decisive and became a scholar (秀才) of [[Shenyang]] City.
He was born in an official family in [[Ming dynasty]], claiming himself to be a descendant of [[Fan Zhongyan|Fan Zhongyan(989-1052)]], a famous statesmen in the [[Northern Song Dynasty]]. However, the Fan family had exiled and migrated to [[Manchuria]] by [[17th century|early Seventeenth Century]]. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwUgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264&dq=fan+wencheng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiryefH_8nZAhVN3WMKHQ5DDkAQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=fan%20wencheng&f=false|title=Qing Governors and Their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644-1796|last=Guy|first=R. Kent|date=2017-05-01|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=|isbn=9780295997506|location=|pages=264|language=en}}</ref> (The specific position is in [[Shenyang|ShenYang]] city in China.) It is worth mentioning that Fan Wencheng's great-grandfather was the President of the Board of War during the [[Ming dynasty]] who surrendered to [[Manchu people|Manchu army]] (led by [[Nurhaci|Nurhachi]]) when it conquered the North Pass ([[Fushun|Fu Shun]]) in 1618. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ROFO8h-e6IC&pg=PA72&dq=fan+wencheng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiryefH_8nZAhVN3WMKHQ5DDkAQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=fan%20wencheng&f=false|title=Between Noble and Humble: Cao Xueqin and the Dream of the Red Chamber|last=Zhou|first=Ruchang|date=2009|publisher=Peter Lang|year=|isbn=9781433104077|location=|pages=72|language=en}}</ref> Fan Wencheng loved reading when he was a young. He was very intelligent and decisive and became a scholar (秀才) of [[Shenyang]] City.

In 1618, When [[Nurhaci]] overcome [[Fushun]] from the [[Ming dynasty]], Fan Wencheng was brought to [[Nurhaci]]'s headquarters. [[Nurhaci]] was respected and recognized Fan's wisdom and knowledge after speak with him. [[Nurhaci]] also learned of Fan's ancestral connections to the [[Song dynasty|Song]] official [[Fan Zhongyan]](989-1052), with whose story [[Nurhaci]] is depicted as being casually familiar. The [[khan]] was delighted and said to the gathered nobles( out of Fan's hearing, evidently, "This is the descendant of a famous minister, and you are to greet him most cordially."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbEwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125&dq=Fan+Wencheng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitmcenuNTZAhUBwGMKHXJ5CjQQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Fan%20Wencheng&f=false|title=A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology|last=Crossley|first=Pamela Kyle|date=2002-04-16|publisher=University of California Press|year=|isbn=9780520234246|location=|pages=125|language=en}}</ref> Soon, Fan was promoted from a flunky to a statesman by [[Nurhaci]], because Fan's idea of conquering China and cajoled the Jin khans into pursuing this "great enterprise."


=== Conquering the Ming Dynasty ===
=== Conquering the Ming Dynasty ===
Line 30: Line 32:


=== Respecting the Traditional Han Culture ===
=== Respecting the Traditional Han Culture ===
When the Qing Dynasty was just established, Fang Wencheng emphasized the importance of respecting the traditional Han culture to the new Manchu emperors, and consequently the Han Chinese during the early Qing Dynasty were ironically somewhat grateful to him  After [[Hong Taiji]] passed away, his son [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi]] became the emperor of [[Qing dynasty]]. [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shun zhi]] emperor called Fan family attached to the [[Bordered Yellow Banner]]. When [[Dorgon]] was in command of the Qing army to crusade against the Ming Dynasty, Fan submitted a written statement to [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi]] claimed that now people are destitute, before, [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]] used massacres to suppress the insurgency, so the people were suspicious of the purpose of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty.]] Therefore, this expedition requires that soldiers strictly abide by the discipline. The Qing army should respect the Han people and do not infringe on the wealth of the Han people. Therefore, People will know the intention of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty.]] [[Draft History of Qing]] mentioned that " 官仍其职，民复其业，录其贤能，恤其无告" which means the official in the [[Ming dynasty|Ming Dynasty]] can continue to be an official to help people to get rid of poverty. We should widely recruit capable and talented people to join the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]].
When the Qing Dynasty was just established, Fang Wencheng emphasized the importance of respecting the traditional Han culture to the new Manchu emperors, and consequently the Han Chinese during the early Qing Dynasty were ironically somewhat grateful to him <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ROFO8h-e6IC&pg=PA72&dq=fan+Wencheng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3mdvP6tTZAhUps1QKHQg1Dm0Q6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=fan%20Wencheng&f=false|title=Between Noble and Humble: Cao Xueqin and the Dream of the Red Chamber|last=Zhou|first=Ruchang|date=2009|publisher=Peter Lang|year=|isbn=9781433104077|location=|pages=73|language=en}}</ref> After [[Hong Taiji]] passed away, his son [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi]] became the emperor of [[Qing dynasty]]. [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shun zhi]] emperor called Fan family attached to the [[Bordered Yellow Banner]]. When [[Dorgon]] was in command of the Qing army to crusade against the Ming Dynasty, Fan submitted a written statement to [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi]] claimed that now people are destitute, before, [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]] used massacres to suppress the insurgency, so the people were suspicious of the purpose of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty.]] Therefore, this expedition requires that soldiers strictly abide by the discipline. The Qing army should respect the Han people and do not infringe on the wealth of the Han people. Therefore, People will know the intention of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty.]] [[Draft History of Qing]] mentioned that " 官仍其职，民复其业，录其贤能，恤其无告" which means the official in the [[Ming dynasty|Ming Dynasty]] can continue to be an official to help people to get rid of poverty. We should widely recruit capable and talented people to join the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]].


== Retirement ==
== Retirement ==
Line 38: Line 40:


== Contribution ==
== Contribution ==
Fan Wencheng as a Han Chinese, he was placed in a high position in the court by the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] ruler in a long time of period. Fan Wencheng was responsible for many of the important enterprises of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing court]] during its first 30 years. Fan Wencheng himself was Prime Minster to Emperor [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi]] for almost 10 year, It is undeniable that his intelligence and strategy greatly helped the [[Qing emperors]] to rule [[China]].
Fan Wencheng as a Han Chinese, he was placed in a high position in the court by the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] ruler in a long time of period. Fan Wencheng was responsible for many of the important enterprises of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing court]] during its first 30 years. Fan Wencheng himself was Prime Minster to Emperor [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi]] for almost 10 year, It is undeniable that his intelligence and strategy greatly helped the [[Qing emperors]] to rule [[China]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkkBBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA196&dq=Fan+Wencheng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdmazwlc3ZAhVF0FQKHSJDCZEQ6AEISzAG#v=onepage&q=Fan%20Wencheng&f=false|title=Socio-biological Implications of Confucianism|last=Pan|first=Guangdan|date=2014-10-21|publisher=Springer|year=|isbn=9783662445754|location=|pages=196|language=en}}</ref>


Fan drafted the document in which the regent [[Dorgon]] announced the new regime's intent to assume the throne in Beijing.
Fan drafted the document in which the regent [[Dorgon]] announced the new regime's intent to assume the throne in Beijing.
Line 50: Line 52:


Between Noble and Humble: Cao Xueqin and the Dream of the Red Chamber by Ruchang Zhou [https://books.google.com/books?id=1ROFO8h-e6IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Ruchang+Zhou%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQpMDq39TZAhVmilQKHR4SA1YQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q&f=false <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>]
Between Noble and Humble: Cao Xueqin and the Dream of the Red Chamber by Ruchang Zhou [https://books.google.com/books?id=1ROFO8h-e6IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Ruchang+Zhou%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQpMDq39TZAhVmilQKHR4SA1YQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q&f=false <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>]

== References ==
<references />

Revision as of 09:36, 6 March 2018

This is a Chinese name; the family name is Fan(范）

Fan Wencheng

Fan Wencheng (simplified Chinese: 范文程; traditional Chinese: 範文程; pinyin: Fànwénchéng, courtesy name: Xiandou, born 1597- died 1666) was a Qing dynasty Scholar-Official, Prime Minster and Grand Secretary[1] (Daxue Shi). His official career went through four generation of Qing dynasty emperors through Nurhaci, Hong Taiji, Shunzhi, and Kangxi. Many rules and regulations in the early days of the Qing Dynasty were drafted by him.[2]

Early Life

Nurhaci's Appreciation

He was born in an official family in Ming dynasty, claiming himself to be a descendant of Fan Zhongyan(989-1052), a famous statesmen in the Northern Song Dynasty. However, the Fan family had exiled and migrated to Manchuria by early Seventeenth Century. [3] (The specific position is in ShenYang city in China.) It is worth mentioning that Fan Wencheng's great-grandfather was the President of the Board of War during the Ming dynasty who surrendered to Manchu army (led by Nurhachi) when it conquered the North Pass (Fu Shun) in 1618. [4] Fan Wencheng loved reading when he was a young. He was very intelligent and decisive and became a scholar (秀才) of Shenyang City.

In 1618, When Nurhaci overcome Fushun from the Ming dynasty, Fan Wencheng was brought to Nurhaci's headquarters. Nurhaci was respected and recognized Fan's wisdom and knowledge after speak with him. Nurhaci also learned of Fan's ancestral connections to the Song official Fan Zhongyan(989-1052), with whose story Nurhaci is depicted as being casually familiar. The khan was delighted and said to the gathered nobles( out of Fan's hearing, evidently, "This is the descendant of a famous minister, and you are to greet him most cordially."[5] Soon, Fan was promoted from a flunky to a statesman by Nurhaci, because Fan's idea of conquering China and cajoled the Jin khans into pursuing this "great enterprise."

Conquering the Ming Dynasty

Fan Wencheng was familiar with the political and military situations in the Ming Dynasty and the Liaodong area. So he was chosen by Nurhaci as a counselor for a war. After Nurhaci passed away, his son Hong Taiji became the emperor. Hong Taiji called Fan Wencheng to help him deal with the affairs of the court. Fan's courage and wisdom Fan Wencheng's tactics and wisdom on the battlefield helped the Qing Dynasty to defeat the Ming Dynasty many times.

Battle

Descriptions

Battle of ZunHua(遵化之战） In 1629(天聪三年), Fan was deployed to ZunHua to prevent the Qing troops by Hong Taiji. The Ming Dynasty army attack, the Qing army struggling. Fan led the soldiers of the Qing Dynasty to break through. Because of his illustrious military exploits, Fan was awarded a official position call "YouJiShiZhi"(游击世职)
Battle of DaAnKou(大安口之战） In 1629(天聪三年), The army of the Ming Dynasty besieged the army of the Qing Dynasty in DaAnKou at LiaoYang city, Fan Wencheng's army used firearms to counter the army of the Ming Dynasty and successfully led the troops of the Qing Dynasty to break through. In book History of China(中国通史) said“披甲逼阵",“率枪炮手，杀敌甚众”which means “Wearing armor and reaching the enemy", "Handheld firearms, kills countless.”
Battle of DaLingRiver(大凌河之战） In 1631(天聪五年), The emperor Hong Taiji led about seventy thousand offensive DaLingRiver city, Fan listened to the instructions of the emperor and sent him to persuade the Ming army to surrender. However, the Ming army was rather die than surrender. Therefore, Fan“单骑至台，晓譬详切” which means that let the troops wait outside the city, and he went to the city to persuade Ming army to surrender. In the end, he succeeded in persuading the Ming Dynasty to surrender and also captured a lot of resources.

Helping the Manchus to Rule

Respecting the Traditional Han Culture

When the Qing Dynasty was just established, Fang Wencheng emphasized the importance of respecting the traditional Han culture to the new Manchu emperors, and consequently the Han Chinese during the early Qing Dynasty were ironically somewhat grateful to him [6] After Hong Taiji passed away, his son Shunzhi became the emperor of Qing dynasty. Shun zhi emperor called Fan family attached to the Bordered Yellow Banner. When Dorgon was in command of the Qing army to crusade against the Ming Dynasty, Fan submitted a written statement to Shunzhi claimed that now people are destitute, before, Qing Dynasty used massacres to suppress the insurgency, so the people were suspicious of the purpose of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, this expedition requires that soldiers strictly abide by the discipline. The Qing army should respect the Han people and do not infringe on the wealth of the Han people. Therefore, People will know the intention of the Qing Dynasty. Draft History of Qing mentioned that " 官仍其职，民复其业，录其贤能，恤其无告" which means the official in the Ming Dynasty can continue to be an official to help people to get rid of poverty. We should widely recruit capable and talented people to join the Qing Dynasty.

Retirement

After Fan Wencheng retired, Emperor Shunzhi also pursued him as "Taifu太傅" and "Taizitaibao 太子太保." These positions are the first grade of the Qing government office, symbolizing the highest honor of the entire empire. "Taifu 太傅" means Emperor's teacher, "Taizitaibao 太子太保" means protect the security of the prince.

Fan Wencheng passed away at 70 years-old after Kangxi became Emperor in 1666.

Contribution

Fan Wencheng as a Han Chinese, he was placed in a high position in the court by the Manchu ruler in a long time of period. Fan Wencheng was responsible for many of the important enterprises of the Qing court during its first 30 years. Fan Wencheng himself was Prime Minster to Emperor Shunzhi for almost 10 year, It is undeniable that his intelligence and strategy greatly helped the Qing emperors to rule China.[7]

Fan drafted the document in which the regent Dorgon announced the new regime's intent to assume the throne in Beijing.

Main Resources

History of China (中国通史)the tenth volume, the Qing Dynasty, chapter 8 "Fan Wencheng"[1]

Draft History of Qing "Fan Wencheng zhuang" (范文程传)

Qing Governors and Their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644-1796 by R. Kent Guy [2]

Between Noble and Humble: Cao Xueqin and the Dream of the Red Chamber by Ruchang Zhou [3]

References

  1. ^ Ming Qing Yanjiu. Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici, Istituto Universitario Orientale. 2002.
  2. ^ Guy, R. Kent (2017-05-01). Qing Governors and Their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644-1796. University of Washington Press. p. 264. ISBN 9780295997506.
  3. ^ Guy, R. Kent (2017-05-01). Qing Governors and Their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644-1796. University of Washington Press. p. 264. ISBN 9780295997506.
  4. ^ Zhou, Ruchang (2009). Between Noble and Humble: Cao Xueqin and the Dream of the Red Chamber. Peter Lang. p. 72. ISBN 9781433104077.
  5. ^ Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002-04-16). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. University of California Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780520234246.
  6. ^ Zhou, Ruchang (2009). Between Noble and Humble: Cao Xueqin and the Dream of the Red Chamber. Peter Lang. p. 73. ISBN 9781433104077.
  7. ^ Pan, Guangdan (2014-10-21). Socio-biological Implications of Confucianism. Springer. p. 196. ISBN 9783662445754.
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