Relationship between mathematics and physics: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 16:45, 30 September 2018

A cycloidal pendulum is isochronous, a fact discovered and proved by Christiaan Huygens under certain mathematical assumptions.^[1]

The relationship between mathematics and physics has been a subject of study of philosophers, mathematicians and physicists since Antiquity, and more recently also by historians and educators.^[2] Generally considered a relationship of great intimacy,^[3] mathematics has already been described as "an essential tool for physics"^[4] and physics has already been described as "a rich source of inspiration and insight in mathematics".^[5]

In his work Physics, one of the topics treated by Aristotle is about how the study carried out by mathematicians differs from that carried out by physicists.^[6] Considerations about mathematics being the language of nature can be found in the ideas of the Pythagoreans: the convictions that "Numbers rule the world" and "All is number",^[7]^[8] and two millennia later were also expressed by Galileo Galilei: "The book of nature is written in the language of mathematics".^[9]^[10]

Before giving a mathematical proof for the formula for the volume of a sphere, Archimedes used physical reasoning to discover the solution (imagining the balancing of bodies on a scale).^[11] From the seventeenth century, many of the most important advances in mathematics appeared motivated by the study of physics, and this continued in the following centuries (although, it has already been appointed that from the nineteenth century, mathematics started to become increasingly independent from physics).^[12]^[13] The creation and development of calculus were strongly linked to the needs of physics:^[14] There was a need for a new mathematical language to deal with the new dynamics that had arisen from the work of scholars such as Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton.^[15] During this period there was little distinction between physics and mathematics;^[16] as an example, Newton regarded geometry as a branch of mechanics.^[17] As time progressed, increasingly sophisticated mathematics started to be used in physics. The current situation is that the mathematical knowledge used in physics is becoming increasingly sophisticated, as in the case of superstring theory.^[18]

Philosophical problems

Some of the problems considered in the philosophy of mathematics are the following:

Explain the effectiveness of mathematics in the study of the physical world: "At this point an enigma presents itself which in all ages has agitated inquiring minds. How can it be that mathematics, being after all a product of human thought which is independent of experience, is so admirably appropriate to the objects of reality?" —Albert Einstein, in Geometry and Experience (1921).^[19]
Clearly delineate mathematics and physics: For some results or discoveries, it is difficult to say to which area they belong: to the mathematics or to physics.^[20]
What is the geometry of physical space?^[21]
What is the origin of the axioms of mathematics?^[22]
How does the already existing mathematics influence in the creation and development of physical theories?^[23]
Is arithmetic a priori or synthetic? (from Kant, see Analytic–synthetic distinction)^[24]
What is essentially different between doing a physical experiment to see the result and making a mathematical calculation to see the result? (from the Turing–Wittgenstein debate)^[25]
Do Gödel's incompleteness theorems imply that physical theories will always be incomplete? (from Stephen Hawking)^[26]^[27]
Is math invented or discovered? (millennium-old question, raised among others by Mario Livio)^[28]

Education

In recent times the two disciplines have most often been taught separately, despite all the interrelations between physics and mathematics.^[29] This led some professional mathematicians who were also interested in mathematics education, such as Felix Klein, Richard Courant, Vladimir Arnold and Morris Kline, to strongly advocate teaching mathematics in a way more closely related to the physical sciences.^[30]^[31]

References

^ Jed Z. Buchwald; Robert Fox (10 October 2013). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Physics. OUP Oxford. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-19-151019-9.
^ Uhden, Olaf; Karam, Ricardo; Pietrocola, Maurício; Pospiech, Gesche (20 October 2011). "Modelling Mathematical Reasoning in Physics Education". Science & Education. 21 (4): 485–506. Bibcode:2012Sc&Ed..21..485U. doi:10.1007/s11191-011-9396-6.
^ Francis Bailly; Giuseppe Longo (2011). Mathematics and the Natural Sciences: The Physical Singularity of Life. World Scientific. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-84816-693-6.
^ Sanjay Moreshwar Wagh; Dilip Abasaheb Deshpande (27 September 2012). Essentials of Physics. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-203-4642-0.
^ Atiyah, Michael (1990). On the Work of Edward Witten (PDF). International Congress of Mathematicians. Japan. pp. 31–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-01. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Lear, Jonathan (1990). Aristotle: the desire to understand (Repr. ed.). Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780521347624.
^ Gerard Assayag; Hans G. Feichtinger; José-Francisco Rodrigues (10 July 2002). Mathematics and Music: A Diderot Mathematical Forum. Springer. p. 216. ISBN 978-3-540-43727-7.
^ Al-Rasasi, Ibrahim (21 June 2004). "All is number" (PDF). King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
^ Aharon Kantorovich (1 July 1993). Scientific Discovery: Logic and Tinkering. SUNY Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7914-1478-1.
^ Kyle Forinash, William Rumsey, Chris Lang, Galileo's Mathematical Language of Nature.
^ Arthur Mazer (26 September 2011). The Ellipse: A Historical and Mathematical Journey. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-118-21143-4.
^ E. J. Post, A History of Physics as an Exercise in Philosophy, p. 76.
^ Arkady Plotnitsky, Niels Bohr and Complementarity: An Introduction, p. 177.
^ Roger G. Newton (1997). The Truth of Science: Physical Theories and Reality. Harvard University Press. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-0-674-91092-8.
^ Eoin P. O'Neill (editor), What Did You Do Today, Professor?: Fifteen Illuminating Responses from Trinity College Dublin, p. 62.
^ Timothy Gowers; June Barrow-Green; Imre Leader (18 July 2010). The Princeton Companion to Mathematics. Princeton University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4008-3039-8.
^ David E. Rowe (2008). "Euclidean Geometry and Physical Space". The Mathematical Intelligencer. 28 (2): 51–59. doi:10.1007/BF02987157.
^ "String theories". Particle Central. Four Peaks Technologies. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
^ Albert Einstein, Geometry and Experience.
^ Pierre Bergé, Des rythmes au chaos.
^ Gary Carl Hatfield (1990). The Natural and the Normative: Theories of Spatial Perception from Kant to Helmholtz. MIT Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-262-08086-6.
^ Gila Hanna; Hans Niels Jahnke; Helmut Pulte (4 December 2009). Explanation and Proof in Mathematics: Philosophical and Educational Perspectives. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-4419-0576-5.
^ "FQXi Community Trick or Truth: the Mysterious Connection Between Physics and Mathematics". Retrieved 16 April 2015.
^ James Van Cleve Professor of Philosophy Brown University (16 July 1999). Problems from Kant. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-534701-2.
^ Ludwig Wittgenstein; R. G. Bosanquet; Cora Diamond (15 October 1989). Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics, Cambridge, 1939. University of Chicago Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-226-90426-9.
^ Pudlák, Pavel (2013). Logical Foundations of Mathematics and Computational Complexity: A Gentle Introduction. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 659. ISBN 978-3-319-00119-7.
^ Stephen Hawking. "Godel and the End of the Universe"
^ Mario Livio (August 2011). "Why math works?". Scientific American: 80–83.
^ Karam; Pospiech; & Pietrocola (2010). "Mathematics in physics lessons: developing structural skills"
^ Stakhov "Dirac’s Principle of Mathematical Beauty, Mathematics of Harmony"
^ Richard Lesh; Peter L. Galbraith; Christopher R. Haines; Andrew Hurford (2009). Modeling Students' Mathematical Modeling Competencies: ICTMA 13. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4419-0561-1.

External links

[1] Jed Z. Buchwald; Robert Fox (10 October 2013). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Physics. OUP Oxford. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-19-151019-9.

[2] Uhden, Olaf; Karam, Ricardo; Pietrocola, Maurício; Pospiech, Gesche (20 October 2011). "Modelling Mathematical Reasoning in Physics Education". Science & Education. 21 (4): 485–506. Bibcode:2012Sc&Ed..21..485U. doi:10.1007/s11191-011-9396-6.

[3] Francis Bailly; Giuseppe Longo (2011). Mathematics and the Natural Sciences: The Physical Singularity of Life. World Scientific. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-84816-693-6.

[4] Sanjay Moreshwar Wagh; Dilip Abasaheb Deshpande (27 September 2012). Essentials of Physics. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-203-4642-0.

[5] Atiyah, Michael (1990). On the Work of Edward Witten (PDF). International Congress of Mathematicians. Japan. pp. 31–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-01. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[6] Lear, Jonathan (1990). Aristotle: the desire to understand (Repr. ed.). Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780521347624.

[7] Gerard Assayag; Hans G. Feichtinger; José-Francisco Rodrigues (10 July 2002). Mathematics and Music: A Diderot Mathematical Forum. Springer. p. 216. ISBN 978-3-540-43727-7.

[8] Al-Rasasi, Ibrahim (21 June 2004). "All is number" (PDF). King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Retrieved 13 June 2015.

[9] Aharon Kantorovich (1 July 1993). Scientific Discovery: Logic and Tinkering. SUNY Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7914-1478-1.

[10] Kyle Forinash, William Rumsey, Chris Lang, Galileo's Mathematical Language of Nature.

[11] Arthur Mazer (26 September 2011). The Ellipse: A Historical and Mathematical Journey. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-118-21143-4.

[post-12] E. J. Post, A History of Physics as an Exercise in Philosophy, p. 76.

[13] Arkady Plotnitsky, Niels Bohr and Complementarity: An Introduction, p. 177.

[14] Roger G. Newton (1997). The Truth of Science: Physical Theories and Reality. Harvard University Press. pp. 125–126. ISBN 978-0-674-91092-8.

[15] Eoin P. O'Neill (editor), What Did You Do Today, Professor?: Fifteen Illuminating Responses from Trinity College Dublin, p. 62.

[16] Timothy Gowers; June Barrow-Green; Imre Leader (18 July 2010). The Princeton Companion to Mathematics. Princeton University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4008-3039-8.

[17] David E. Rowe (2008). "Euclidean Geometry and Physical Space". The Mathematical Intelligencer. 28 (2): 51–59. doi:10.1007/BF02987157.

[18] "String theories". Particle Central. Four Peaks Technologies. Retrieved 13 June 2015.

[19] Albert Einstein, Geometry and Experience.

[20] Pierre Bergé, Des rythmes au chaos.

[21] Gary Carl Hatfield (1990). The Natural and the Normative: Theories of Spatial Perception from Kant to Helmholtz. MIT Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-262-08086-6.

[22] Gila Hanna; Hans Niels Jahnke; Helmut Pulte (4 December 2009). Explanation and Proof in Mathematics: Philosophical and Educational Perspectives. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-4419-0576-5.

[23] "FQXi Community Trick or Truth: the Mysterious Connection Between Physics and Mathematics". Retrieved 16 April 2015.

[24] James Van Cleve Professor of Philosophy Brown University (16 July 1999). Problems from Kant. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-534701-2.

[25] Ludwig Wittgenstein; R. G. Bosanquet; Cora Diamond (15 October 1989). Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics, Cambridge, 1939. University of Chicago Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-226-90426-9.

[26] Pudlák, Pavel (2013). Logical Foundations of Mathematics and Computational Complexity: A Gentle Introduction. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 659. ISBN 978-3-319-00119-7.

[27] Stephen Hawking. "Godel and the End of the Universe"

[28] Mario Livio (August 2011). "Why math works?". Scientific American: 80–83.

[29] Karam; Pospiech; & Pietrocola (2010). "Mathematics in physics lessons: developing structural skills"

[30] Stakhov "Dirac’s Principle of Mathematical Beauty, Mathematics of Harmony"

[31] Richard Lesh; Peter L. Galbraith; Christopher R. Haines; Andrew Hurford (2009). Modeling Students' Mathematical Modeling Competencies: ICTMA 13. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4419-0561-1.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 In his work ''[[Physics (Aristotle)|Physics]]'', one of the topics treated by [[Aristotle]] is about how the study carried out by mathematicians differs from that carried out by physicists.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lear|first1=Jonathan|title=Aristotle: the desire to understand|date=1990|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|isbn=9780521347624|page=232|edition=Repr.}}</ref> Considerations about mathematics being the language of [[nature]] can be found in the ideas of the [[Pythagoreans]]: the convictions that "Numbers rule the world" and "All is number",<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gerard Assayag|author2=Hans G. Feichtinger|author3=José-Francisco Rodrigues|title=Mathematics and Music: A Diderot Mathematical Forum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjsD8ClsFKEC&pg=PA216|date=10 July 2002|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-43727-7|pages=216}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ibrahim |last=Al-Rasasi |title= All is number |url=http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/math/irasasi/Allisnumber.pdf |publisher=King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals |date=21 June 2004 |accessdate=13 June 2015}}</ref> and two millennia later were also expressed by [[Galileo Galilei]]: "The book of nature is written in the language of mathematics".<ref>{{cite book|author=Aharon Kantorovich|title=Scientific Discovery: Logic and Tinkering|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMFc43w0FfEC&pg=PA59|date=1 July 1993|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1478-1|pages=59}}</ref><ref>Kyle Forinash, William Rumsey, Chris Lang, [http://homepages.ius.edu/kforinas/K/pdf/Galileo.pdf Galileo's Mathematical Language of Nature].</ref>
-Before giving a [[mathematical proof]] for the formula for the [[volume]] of a [[sphere]], [[Archimedes]] used physical reasoning to discover the solution (imagining the balancing of bodies on a scale).<ref>{{cite book|author=Arthur Mazer|title=The Ellipse: A Historical and Mathematical Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twWkDe1Y9YQC&pg=SA5-PA28|date=26 September 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-21143-4|pages=5.}}</ref> From the seventeenth century, many of the most important advances in mathematics appeared motivated by the study of physics, and this continued in the following centuries (although, it has already been appointed that from the nineteenth century, mathematics started to become increasingly independent from physics).<ref name="post">E. J. Post, [http://www22.pair.com/csdc/pdf/philos.pdf A History of Physics as an Exercise in Philosophy, p. 76.]</ref><ref>Arkady Plotnitsky, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dmdUp97S4AYC&pg=PA177 Niels Bohr and Complementarity: An Introduction, p. 177].</ref> The creation and development of [[calculus]] were strongly linked to the needs of physics:<ref>{{cite book|author=Roger G. Newton|title=The Truth of Science: Physical Theories and Reality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzxsjN3t4i0C&pg=PA125|year=1997|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-91092-8|pages=125–126}}</ref> There was a need for a new mathematical language to deal with the new [[Dynamics (mechanics)|dynamics]] that had arisen from the work of scholars such as Galileo Galilei and [[Isaac Newton]].<ref>Eoin P. O'Neill (editor), [https://books.google.com/books?id=h8TaAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y What Did You Do Today, Professor?: Fifteen Illuminating Responses from Trinity College Dublin, p. 62].</ref> During this period there was little distinction between physics and mathematics;<ref>{{cite book|author1=Timothy Gowers|author-link=Timothy Gowers|author2=June Barrow-Green|author3=Imre Leader|title=The Princeton Companion to Mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfUsvemJDMC&pg=PA7|date=18 July 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1-4008-3039-7|pages=7}}</ref> as an example, Newton regarded [[geometry]] as a branch of [[mechanics]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=David E. Rowe|author-link=David E. Rowe|title=Euclidean Geometry and Physical Space|journal=[[The Mathematical Intelligencer]]|year=2008|volume=28|issue=2|pages=51–59|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02987157|doi=10.1007/BF02987157}}</ref> As time progressed, increasingly sophisticated mathematics started to be used in physics. The current situation is that the mathematical knowledge used in physics is becoming increasingly sophisticated, as in the case of [[superstring theory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.particlecentral.com/strings_page.html |title=String theories |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Particle Central |publisher=Four Peaks Technologies |access-date=13 June 2015 }}</ref>
+Before giving a [[mathematical proof]] for the formula for the [[volume]] of a [[sphere]], [[Archimedes]] used physical reasoning to discover the solution (imagining the balancing of bodies on a scale).<ref>{{cite book|author=Arthur Mazer|title=The Ellipse: A Historical and Mathematical Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twWkDe1Y9YQC&pg=SA5-PA28|date=26 September 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-21143-4|pages=5}}</ref> From the seventeenth century, many of the most important advances in mathematics appeared motivated by the study of physics, and this continued in the following centuries (although, it has already been appointed that from the nineteenth century, mathematics started to become increasingly independent from physics).<ref name="post">E. J. Post, [http://www22.pair.com/csdc/pdf/philos.pdf A History of Physics as an Exercise in Philosophy, p. 76.]</ref><ref>Arkady Plotnitsky, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dmdUp97S4AYC&pg=PA177 Niels Bohr and Complementarity: An Introduction, p. 177].</ref> The creation and development of [[calculus]] were strongly linked to the needs of physics:<ref>{{cite book|author=Roger G. Newton|title=The Truth of Science: Physical Theories and Reality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzxsjN3t4i0C&pg=PA125|year=1997|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-91092-8|pages=125–126}}</ref> There was a need for a new mathematical language to deal with the new [[Dynamics (mechanics)|dynamics]] that had arisen from the work of scholars such as Galileo Galilei and [[Isaac Newton]].<ref>Eoin P. O'Neill (editor), [https://books.google.com/books?id=h8TaAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y What Did You Do Today, Professor?: Fifteen Illuminating Responses from Trinity College Dublin, p. 62].</ref> During this period there was little distinction between physics and mathematics;<ref>{{cite book|author1=Timothy Gowers|author-link=Timothy Gowers|author2=June Barrow-Green|author3=Imre Leader|title=The Princeton Companion to Mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOfUsvemJDMC&pg=PA7|date=18 July 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3039-8|pages=7}}</ref> as an example, Newton regarded [[geometry]] as a branch of [[mechanics]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=David E. Rowe|author-link=David E. Rowe|title=Euclidean Geometry and Physical Space|journal=[[The Mathematical Intelligencer]]|year=2008|volume=28|issue=2|pages=51–59|doi=10.1007/BF02987157}}</ref> As time progressed, increasingly sophisticated mathematics started to be used in physics. The current situation is that the mathematical knowledge used in physics is becoming increasingly sophisticated, as in the case of [[superstring theory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.particlecentral.com/strings_page.html |title=String theories |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Particle Central |publisher=Four Peaks Technologies |access-date=13 June 2015 }}</ref>
 == Philosophical problems ==
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 == Further reading ==
-*{{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=V. I.|author-link=Vladimir Arnold |title=Mathematics and physics: mother and daughter or sisters?|journal=Physics-Uspekhi|volume=42|issue=12|pages=|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1063-7869/42/12/A03/|others=|year=1999|accessdate=30 May 2014|doi=10.1070/pu1999v042n12abeh000673|bibcode = 1999PhyU...42.1205A }}
+*{{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=V. I.|author-link=Vladimir Arnold |title=Mathematics and physics: mother and daughter or sisters?|journal=Physics-Uspekhi|volume=42|issue=12|pages=1205–1217|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1063-7869/42/12/A03/|others=|year=1999|accessdate=30 May 2014|doi=10.1070/pu1999v042n12abeh000673|bibcode = 1999PhyU...42.1205A }}
 *{{cite journal|last=Arnold|first=V. I.|author-link=Vladimir Arnold |title=On teaching mathematics|journal=Russian Mathematical Surveys|volume=53|issue=1|pages=229&ndash;236|url=http://pauli.uni-muenster.de/~munsteg/arnold.html|translator= A. V. Goryunov |year=1998|accessdate=29 May 2014|bibcode = 1998RuMaS..53..229A |doi = 10.1070/RM1998v053n01ABEH000005 }}
-*{{cite journal|last=Atiyah|first=M.|author-link=Michael Atiyah |title=Geometry and physics|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|date=1 February 2010|volume=368|issue=1914|pages=913–926|doi=10.1098/rsta.2009.0227 |url=http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1914/913.full.pdf |accessdate=29 May 2014|last2=Dijkgraaf|first2=R.|last3=Hitchin|first3=N.|bibcode = 2010RSPTA.368..913A |pmc=3263806}}
+*{{cite journal|last=Atiyah|first=M.|author-link=Michael Atiyah |title=Geometry and physics|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|date=1 February 2010|volume=368|issue=1914|pages=913–926|doi=10.1098/rsta.2009.0227 |pmid=20123740|url=http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1914/913.full.pdf |accessdate=29 May 2014|last2=Dijkgraaf|first2=R.|last3=Hitchin|first3=N.|bibcode = 2010RSPTA.368..913A |pmc=3263806}}
 *{{cite book|editor-last=Boniolo|editor-first=Giovanni|editor2-first=Paolo |editor2-last=Budinich |editor3-first=Majda |editor3-last=Trobok |title=The Role of Mathematics in Physical Sciences: Interdisciplinary and Philosophical Aspects|date=2005|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9781402031069}}
-*{{cite journal |first=Mark |last=Colyvan |url=http://www.colyvan.com/papers/miracle.pdf |format=pdf |title=The Miracle of Applied Mathematics |journal=Synthese |volume=127 |pages=265&ndash;277 |year=2001 |accessdate=30 May 2014 | doi = 10.1023/A:1010309227321}}
+*{{cite journal |first=Mark |last=Colyvan |url=http://www.colyvan.com/papers/miracle.pdf |format=pdf |title=The Miracle of Applied Mathematics |journal=Synthese |volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=265&ndash;277 |year=2001 |accessdate=30 May 2014 | doi = 10.1023/A:1010309227321}}
 *{{cite journal |first=Paul |last=Dirac |author-link=Paul Dirac |url=http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/events/strings02/dirac/speach.html |title=The Relation between Mathematics and Physics |journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |volume=59 Part II |year=1938–1939 |pages=122&ndash;129 |accessdate=30 March 2014}}
 *{{cite book|last=Feynman|first=Richard P. |authorlink=Richard Feynman |chapter=The Relation of Mathematics to Physics |title=The Character of Physical Law|date=1992|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=978-0140175059|pages=35&ndash;58|edition=Reprint}}
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 *{{cite journal |first=John von |last=Neumann |author-link=John von Neumann |title=The Mathematician |journal=Works of the Mind|volume=1|number=1|pages=180&ndash;196 |year=1947}} ([http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Von_Neumann_Part_1.html part 1]) ([http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Von_Neumann_Part_2.html part 2]).
 *{{cite book|first=Henri |last=Poincaré |author-link = Henri Poincaré |translator=George Bruce Halsted |title=The Value of Science |publisher=The Science Press|location=New York |year=1907 |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~powers/ame.60611/poincare.pdf}}
-*{{cite book|editor-last=Schlager|editor-first=Neil|editor2-first=Josh |editor2-last=Lauer |chapter= The Intimate Relation between Mathematics and Physics|title=Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery|volume=7: 1950 to Present|date=2000|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=0-7876-3939-7|pages=226&ndash;229}}
+*{{cite book|editor-last=Schlager|editor-first=Neil|editor2-first=Josh |editor2-last=Lauer |chapter= The Intimate Relation between Mathematics and Physics|title=Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery|volume=7: 1950 to Present|date=2000|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-7876-3939-6|pages=226&ndash;229}}
-*{{cite book|last=Vafa|first=Cumrun |authorlink=Cumrun Vafa |chapter=On the Future of Mathematics/Physics Interaction|title=Mathematics: Frontiers and Perspectives|date=2000|publisher=AMS|location=USA|isbn=0-8218-2070-2|pages=321&ndash;328}}
+*{{cite book|last=Vafa|first=Cumrun |authorlink=Cumrun Vafa |chapter=On the Future of Mathematics/Physics Interaction|title=Mathematics: Frontiers and Perspectives|date=2000|publisher=AMS|location=USA|isbn=978-0-8218-2070-4|pages=321&ndash;328}}
 *{{cite conference|first=Edward|last=Witten|author-link=Edward Witten |title=Physics and Geometry |conference=Proceedings of the International Conference of Mathematicians |location = Berkeley, California |year=1986 |pages=267&ndash;303 |url=http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1986.1/Main/icm1986.1.0267.0306.ocr.pdf}}
-*{{Cite journal|author=Eugene Wigner|author-link=Eugene Wigner|title=The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences|journal=[[Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics]]|volume=13|pages=1–14|year=1960|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html|doi=10.1002/cpa.3160130102|bibcode = 1960CPAM...13....1W }}
+*{{Cite journal|author=Eugene Wigner|author-link=Eugene Wigner|title=The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences|journal=[[Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics]]|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–14|year=1960|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html|doi=10.1002/cpa.3160130102|bibcode = 1960CPAM...13....1W }}
 == External links ==

Revision as of 16:45, 30 September 2018

Philosophical problems

Education

See also

References

Further reading

External links