Deep biosphere: Difference between revisions
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*{{cite journal |last1=Nealson |first1=Kenneth H. |title=Harnessing microbial appetites for remediation |journal=Nature Biotechnology |date=March 2003 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=243–244 |doi=10.1038/nbt0303-243}} |
*{{cite journal |last1=Nealson |first1=Kenneth H. |title=Harnessing microbial appetites for remediation |journal=Nature Biotechnology |date=March 2003 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=243–244 |doi=10.1038/nbt0303-243}} |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Pedersen |first1=K |title=Exploration of deep intraterrestrial microbial life: current perspectives |journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters |date=April 2000 |volume=185 |issue=1 |pages=9–16 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09033.x}} |
*{{cite journal |last1=Pedersen |first1=K |title=Exploration of deep intraterrestrial microbial life: current perspectives |journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters |date=April 2000 |volume=185 |issue=1 |pages=9–16 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09033.x}} |
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*{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Deep Subsurface Microbiology |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Astrobiology |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_573-3 |last=Onstott |first=Tullis C. |date=2014 |pages=1–4 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_573-3 |isbn=9783642278334}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Onstott |first1=Tullis C. |title=Deep Life |date=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400884247 |ref=harv}} |
*{{cite book |last1=Onstott |first1=Tullis C. |title=Deep Life |date=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400884247 |ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite news |last1=Ravindran |first1=Sandeep |title=Inner Earth is teeming with exotic forms of life |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/inner-earth-teeming-exotic-forms-life-180958243/ |accessdate=2 July 2019 |work=Smithsonian |language=en}} |
*{{cite news |last1=Ravindran |first1=Sandeep |title=Inner Earth is teeming with exotic forms of life |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/inner-earth-teeming-exotic-forms-life-180958243/ |accessdate=2 July 2019 |work=Smithsonian |language=en}} |
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The deep biosphere is the part of the biosphere that resides below the first few meters of the surface.
Definition
The deep biosphere is life found in the deep subsurface. For the seafloor, an operational definition of deep subsurface is the region that is not penetrated by seawater or bioturbated by animals; this is generally about a meter or more below the surface.[1] On continents, it is below a few meters, not including soils.[2]
History
At the University of Chicago in the 1920s, geologist Edson Bastin enlisted the help of microbiologist Frank Greer in an effort to explain why water extracted from oil fields contained hydrogen sulfide and bicarbonates. These chemicals are normally created by bacteria, but the water came from a depth where the heat and pressure were considered to great to support life. They were able to culture anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria from the water, demonstrating that the chemicals had a bacterial origin.[3][4][5]
Also in the 1920s, Charles Lipman, a microbiologist at the University of California, Berkeley, noticed that bacteria that had been sealed in bottles for 40 years could be reanimated – a phenomenon now known as anhydrobiosis. He wondered whether the same was true of bacteria in coal seams. He sterilized samples of coal, wetted them, crushed them and then succeeded in culturing bacteria from the coal dust. One sterilization procedure, baking the coal at 160 degrees Celsius for up to 50 hours, actually encouraged their growth. He published the results in 1931.[6][5]
At the time, other biologists dismissed these results as contamination, and the study of the deep biosphere was dormant for decades, except for some Soviet microbiologists who began to refer to themselves as geomicrobiologists.[5] Even the sea floor was seen as a nearly sterile environment, especially after the submersible Alvin sank in 1968 and the scientists escaped, leaving their lunches behind. When Alvin was recovered, the lunches showed no sign of microbial decay.[7]
See also
- Biosphere
- Claude ZoBell ("father of marine microbiology"[7])
- "Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator"
- Edson Sunderland Bastin[8]
- Extremophile
- Geomicrobiology
- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
- Katrina Edwards
- Rare biosphere
- Steven D'Hondt
- Subsurface lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystem
- Thomas Gold
- Tullis Onstott
References
- ^ Schippers, A. (2015). "Deep biosphere". In Harff, J.; Meschede, M.; Petersen, S.; Thiede, J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-6644-0.
- ^ Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (19 June 2018). "The biomass distribution on Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (25): 6506–6511. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711842115.
- ^ Alley, William M. (1993). Regional Ground-Water Quality. John Wiley & Sons. p. 182. ISBN 9780471284536.
- ^ Ward, Peter D.; Brownlee, Donald (2006). Rare earth : why complex life is uncommon in the universe (Pbk. ed.). Copernicus. pp. 7–12. ISBN 9780387218489.
- ^ a b c Onstott 2016, Chapter 1
- ^ Edwards, Katrina (2 September 2011). "North Pond: Searching for Intraterrestrial Life". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
- ^ a b Leigh Mascarelli, Amanda (11 June 2009). "Low life". Nature. 459 (7248): 770–773. doi:10.1038/459770a.
- ^ "Guide to the Edson Sunderland Bastin Papers 1913–1922". The University of Chicago Library. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
Sources
- Biddle, Jennifer F. (2012). "Prospects for the study of evolution in the deep biosphere". Frontiers in Microbiology. 2: 285. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00285.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Bomberg, Malin; Ahonen, Lasse (2017). Geomicrobes: life in terrestrial deep subsurface. Frontiers Media SA. ISBN 9782889451791.
- Bradley, James A.; Amend, Jan P.; LaRowe, Douglas E. (January 2019). "Survival of the fewest: Microbial dormancy and maintenance in marine sediments through deep time". Geobiology. 17 (1): 43–59. doi:10.1111/gbi.12313.
- Colman, Daniel R.; Poudel, Saroj; Stamps, Blake W.; Boyd, Eric S.; Spear, John R. (3 July 2017). "The deep, hot biosphere: Twenty-five years of retrospection". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (27): 6895–6903. doi:10.1073/pnas.1701266114.
- Colwell, F. S.; D'Hondt, S. (13 February 2013). "Nature and Extent of the Deep Biosphere". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 75 (1): 547–574. doi:10.2138/rmg.2013.75.17.
- D'Hondt, S. (15 March 2002). "Metabolic Activity of Subsurface Life in Deep-Sea Sediments". Science. 295 (5562): 2067–2070. doi:10.1126/science.1064878.
- Edwards, Katrina J.; Becker, Keir; Colwell, Frederick (30 May 2012). "The Deep, Dark Energy Biosphere: Intraterrestrial Life on Earth". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 40 (1): 551–568. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105500.
- Frazer, Jennifer (23 January 2019). "Inside Earth, Microbes Approach Immortality". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
- Hignett, Katherine (18 December 2017). "Have scientists been looking for life on Mars in the wrong place?". Newsweek. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
- Hinrichs, K.-U.; Inagaki, F. (11 October 2012). "Downsizing the Deep Biosphere". Science. 338 (6104): 204–205. doi:10.1126/science.1229296.
- Judson, Olivia (10 June 2008). "Meet the Intraterrestrials". Opinionator. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
- Kallmeyer, Jens; Wagner, Dirk (2014). Microbial life of the deep biosphere. Walter De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110370676.
- Leitch, Carmen (10 Dec 2018). "The 'Deep Biosphere' of the Earth Teems with Life". LabRoots. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
- Magnabosco, C.; Lin, L.-H.; Dong, H.; Bomberg, M.; Ghiorse, W.; Stan-Lotter, H.; Pedersen, K.; Kieft, T. L.; van Heerden, E.; Onstott, T. C. (24 September 2018). "The biomass and biodiversity of the continental subsurface". Nature Geoscience. 11 (10): 707–717. doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0221-6.
- Mosher, Dave (2 June 2011). "New "Devil Worm" Is Deepest-Living Animal". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
- Nealson, Kenneth H. (March 2003). "Harnessing microbial appetites for remediation". Nature Biotechnology. 21 (3): 243–244. doi:10.1038/nbt0303-243.
- Pedersen, K (April 2000). "Exploration of deep intraterrestrial microbial life: current perspectives". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 185 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09033.x.
- Onstott, Tullis C. (2014). "Deep Subsurface Microbiology". Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_573-3. ISBN 9783642278334.
- Onstott, Tullis C. (2016). Deep Life. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400884247.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Ravindran, Sandeep. "Inner Earth is teeming with exotic forms of life". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
- Teske, Andreas; Sørensen, Ketil B (8 November 2007). "Uncultured archaea in deep marine subsurface sediments: have we caught them all?". The ISME Journal. 2 (1): 3–18. doi:10.1038/ismej.2007.90.
- Trembath-Reichert, Elizabeth; Morono, Yuki; Ijiri, Akira; Hoshino, Tatsuhiko; Dawson, Katherine S.; Inagaki, Fumio; Orphan, Victoria J. (31 October 2017). "Methyl-compound use and slow growth characterize microbial life in 2-km-deep subseafloor coal and shale beds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (44): E9206–E9215. doi:10.1073/pnas.1707525114.
- Watts, Jonathan (10 December 2018). "Scientists identify vast underground ecosystem containing billions of micro-organisms". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2019.