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Miller's research aims to understand how the [[prefrontal cortex]], a neural system located in the frontal lobe of the brain, subserves [[cognitive control]]. Cognitive or executive control involves the higher-order processing that comes into play when our behavior has to be guided by plans, thoughts, and goals. This sort of behavior contrasts with the one that is primarily driven by external stimuli or by emotion, as well as with behavior that is stereotypical and automatic. Although the [[prefrontal cortex]] (PFC) has long been thought to mediate executive functions in the human brain, the mechanisms through which PFC regulates this goal-oriented, purposeful behavior were not clearly understood.
Miller's research aims to understand how the [[prefrontal cortex]], a neural system located in the frontal lobe of the brain, subserves [[cognitive control]]. Cognitive or executive control involves the higher-order processing that comes into play when our behavior has to be guided by plans, thoughts, and goals. This sort of behavior contrasts with the one that is primarily driven by external stimuli or by emotion, as well as with behavior that is stereotypical and automatic. Although the [[prefrontal cortex]] (PFC) has long been thought to mediate executive functions in the human brain, the mechanisms through which PFC regulates this goal-oriented, purposeful behavior were not clearly understood.


Miller's paper with Jonathan Cohen, ''An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function'',<ref>Miller, E.K. and Cohen, J.D. (2001) An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24:167–202.</ref> has been designated a Current Classic as among the most cited papers in Neuroscience and Behavior.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sciencewatch.com/dr/cc/08-aprcc/ |title=April 2008 – Current Classics |publisher=ScienceWatch.com |accessdate=October 20, 2011}}</ref> As of July 2017, Miller and Cohen (2001) is the 5th most-cited paper in all of Neuroscience.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00363/full|title=At the Leading Front of Neuroscience: A Bibliometric Study of the 100 Most-Cited Articles|first1=Andy W. K.|last1=Yeung|first2=Tazuko K.|last2=Goto|first3=W. Keung|last3=Leung|date=September 11, 2018|publisher=|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|volume=11|via=Frontiers|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2017.00363}}</ref> His paper with Tim Buschman, ''Top-down versus Bottom-up Control of Attention in the Prefrontal and Posterior Parietal Cortices''<ref>Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2007) Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science. 315: 1860–1862.</ref> was ''[[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]]'s'' Hot Paper for October 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Akst |first=Jef |url=http://www.the-scientist.com/2009/10/1/57/1/ |title=Cortical crosstalk – The Scientist – Magazine of the Life Sciences |publisher=The Scientist |accessdate=October 20, 2011}}</ref>
Miller's paper with Jonathan Cohen, ''An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function'',<ref>Miller, E.K. and Cohen, J.D. (2001) An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24:167–202.</ref> has been designated a Current Classic as among the most cited papers in Neuroscience and Behavior.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sciencewatch.com/dr/cc/08-aprcc/ |title=April 2008 – Current Classics |publisher=ScienceWatch.com |accessdate=October 20, 2011}}</ref> As of July 2017, Miller and Cohen (2001) is the 5th most-cited paper in all of Neuroscience.<ref>{{cite journal|title=At the Leading Front of Neuroscience: A Bibliometric Study of the 100 Most-Cited Articles|first1=Andy W. K.|last1=Yeung|first2=Tazuko K.|last2=Goto|first3=W. Keung|last3=Leung|date=September 11, 2018|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|volume=11|pages = 363|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2017.00363|pmid = 28785211|pmc = 5520389}}</ref> His paper with Tim Buschman, ''Top-down versus Bottom-up Control of Attention in the Prefrontal and Posterior Parietal Cortices''<ref>Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2007) Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science. 315: 1860–1862.</ref> was ''[[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]]'s'' Hot Paper for October 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Akst |first=Jef |url=http://www.the-scientist.com/2009/10/1/57/1/ |title=Cortical crosstalk – The Scientist – Magazine of the Life Sciences |publisher=The Scientist |accessdate=October 20, 2011}}</ref>


Research conducted in Earl Miller's laboratory has shown that such cognitive control is manifested in the neural activity in the primate PFC. The activation of PFC neurons can reflect the abstract cognitive process that is guiding behavior during a control-demanding task. PFC neurons, thus, have been documented to represent abstract rules such as "same vs. different",<ref name=wallis>{{cite journal|last1=Wallis|first1=Jonathan D.|last2=Anderson|first2=Kathleen C.|last3=Miller|first3=Earl K.|title=Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules|journal=Nature|volume=411|issue=6840|year=2001|pages=953–956|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/35082081|pmid= 11418860}}</ref> to process the category<ref>Freedman, D.J., Riesenhuber, M., Poggio, T., and Miller, E.K. (2001) Categorical representation of visual stimuli in the primate prefrontal cortex. ''Science'', 291:312–316.</ref> or quantity<ref>Nieder, A., Freedman, D.J., and Miller, E.K. (2002) Representation of the quantity of visual items in the primate prefrontal cortex. ''Science'', 297:1708–1711.</ref> of visual stimuli, and to guide the allocation of attentional resources.<ref>Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2007) Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. ''Science'', 315: 1860–1862.</ref> PFC activity has also been shown to reflect the flexible remapping of stimulus-response associations.<ref>Pasupathy, A. and Miller, E.K. (2005) Different time courses for learning-related activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. ''Nature'', 433:873–876.</ref> These results have arisen through a combination of electrophysiological, psychophysical, and computational techniques. One of his chief contributions is demonstrating that cortical neurons can be multifunctional (i.e., show "mixed selectivity").<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rigotti|first=Mattia|last2=Barak|first2=Omri|last3=Warden|first3=Melissa R.|last4=Wang|first4=Xiao-Jing|last5=Daw|first5=Nathaniel D.|last6=Miller|first6=Earl K.|last7=Fusi|first7=Stefano|date=May 2013|title=The importance of mixed selectivity in complex cognitive tasks|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12160|journal=Nature|volume=497|issue=7451|pages=585–590|doi=10.1038/nature12160|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> This has been a major advance beyond earlier theories that posited that each neuron has a specific function. This property gives the brain greater computational horsepower and endows flexibility, a hallmark of higher-level cognition.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-04-01|title=Why neurons mix: high dimensionality for higher cognition|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438816000118|journal=Current Opinion in Neurobiology|volume=37|pages=66–74|doi=10.1016/j.conb.2016.01.010|issn=0959-4388}}</ref>
Research conducted in Earl Miller's laboratory has shown that such cognitive control is manifested in the neural activity in the primate PFC. The activation of PFC neurons can reflect the abstract cognitive process that is guiding behavior during a control-demanding task. PFC neurons, thus, have been documented to represent abstract rules such as "same vs. different",<ref name=wallis>{{cite journal|last1=Wallis|first1=Jonathan D.|last2=Anderson|first2=Kathleen C.|last3=Miller|first3=Earl K.|title=Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules|journal=Nature|volume=411|issue=6840|year=2001|pages=953–956|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/35082081|pmid= 11418860}}</ref> to process the category<ref>Freedman, D.J., Riesenhuber, M., Poggio, T., and Miller, E.K. (2001) Categorical representation of visual stimuli in the primate prefrontal cortex. ''Science'', 291:312–316.</ref> or quantity<ref>Nieder, A., Freedman, D.J., and Miller, E.K. (2002) Representation of the quantity of visual items in the primate prefrontal cortex. ''Science'', 297:1708–1711.</ref> of visual stimuli, and to guide the allocation of attentional resources.<ref>Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2007) Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. ''Science'', 315: 1860–1862.</ref> PFC activity has also been shown to reflect the flexible remapping of stimulus-response associations.<ref>Pasupathy, A. and Miller, E.K. (2005) Different time courses for learning-related activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. ''Nature'', 433:873–876.</ref> These results have arisen through a combination of electrophysiological, psychophysical, and computational techniques. One of his chief contributions is demonstrating that cortical neurons can be multifunctional (i.e., show "mixed selectivity").<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rigotti|first=Mattia|last2=Barak|first2=Omri|last3=Warden|first3=Melissa R.|last4=Wang|first4=Xiao-Jing|last5=Daw|first5=Nathaniel D.|last6=Miller|first6=Earl K.|last7=Fusi|first7=Stefano|date=May 2013|title=The importance of mixed selectivity in complex cognitive tasks|journal=Nature|volume=497|issue=7451|pages=585–590|doi=10.1038/nature12160|pmid=23685452|pmc=4412347|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> This has been a major advance beyond earlier theories that posited that each neuron has a specific function. This property gives the brain greater computational horsepower and endows flexibility, a hallmark of higher-level cognition.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-04-01|title=Why neurons mix: high dimensionality for higher cognition|journal=Current Opinion in Neurobiology|volume=37|pages=66–74|doi=10.1016/j.conb.2016.01.010|pmid=26851755|issn=0959-4388|last1=Fusi|first1=Stefano|last2=Miller|first2=Earl K.|last3=Rigotti|first3=Mattia}}</ref>


Miller has innovated techniques for recording from many neurons simultaneously in multiple brain areas. This is a departure from the classic single-neuron recording approach. It allows detailed and direct comparison of neuron properties between brain areas that are not confounded by extraneous factors and examination of the temporal dynamics of activity between neurons.<ref>Miller, E.K., and Wilson, M.A. (2008) All my circuits: Using multiple-electrodes to understand functioning neural networks. Neuron 60:483–488</ref> Miller's lab has used this approach to make a number of discoveries of how different brain areas collaborate to produce thought and action.<ref>Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2007) Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science. 315: 1860–1862, Pasupathy, A. and Miller, E.K. (2005) Different time courses for learning-related activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Nature, 433:873–876., Freedman, D.J., Riesenhuber, M., Poggio, T., and Miller, E.K (2003) A comparison of primate prefrontal and inferior temporal cortices during visual categorization. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(12):5235–5246.</ref> This includes recent discoveries that oscillating "brain waves" may control the timing of shifts of attention<ref>Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2009) Serial, covert, shifts of attention during visual search are reflected by the frontal eye fields and correlated with population oscillations. Neuron, 63: 386–396.Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2009) Serial, covert, shifts of attention during visual search are reflected by the frontal eye fields and correlated with population oscillations. Neuron, 63: 386–396.</ref> and that different items simultaneously held in short-term memory line up on different phases of each brain wave.<ref>Siegel, M., Warden, M.R., and Miller, E.K. (2009) Phase-dependent neuronal coding of objects in short-term memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106: 21341-21346</ref> The latter may explain why we can only think about a few things at the same time.<ref>Vogel, E.K., Fukada, K. In mind and out of phase, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106:21017-21018</ref>
Miller has innovated techniques for recording from many neurons simultaneously in multiple brain areas. This is a departure from the classic single-neuron recording approach. It allows detailed and direct comparison of neuron properties between brain areas that are not confounded by extraneous factors and examination of the temporal dynamics of activity between neurons.<ref>Miller, E.K., and Wilson, M.A. (2008) All my circuits: Using multiple-electrodes to understand functioning neural networks. Neuron 60:483–488</ref> Miller's lab has used this approach to make a number of discoveries of how different brain areas collaborate to produce thought and action.<ref>Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2007) Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science. 315: 1860–1862, Pasupathy, A. and Miller, E.K. (2005) Different time courses for learning-related activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Nature, 433:873–876., Freedman, D.J., Riesenhuber, M., Poggio, T., and Miller, E.K (2003) A comparison of primate prefrontal and inferior temporal cortices during visual categorization. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(12):5235–5246.</ref> This includes recent discoveries that oscillating "brain waves" may control the timing of shifts of attention<ref>Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2009) Serial, covert, shifts of attention during visual search are reflected by the frontal eye fields and correlated with population oscillations. Neuron, 63: 386–396.Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2009) Serial, covert, shifts of attention during visual search are reflected by the frontal eye fields and correlated with population oscillations. Neuron, 63: 386–396.</ref> and that different items simultaneously held in short-term memory line up on different phases of each brain wave.<ref>Siegel, M., Warden, M.R., and Miller, E.K. (2009) Phase-dependent neuronal coding of objects in short-term memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106: 21341-21346</ref> The latter may explain why we can only think about a few things at the same time.<ref>Vogel, E.K., Fukada, K. In mind and out of phase, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106:21017-21018</ref>


=== Media Appearances ===
=== Media Appearances ===
Earl Miller has made frequent appearances in the popular press. He was profiled in Discover Magazine<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2016/oct/your-attention-please|title=Attention, Please: Earl Miller Wants to Make Us All Smarter|last=Piore|first=Adam|date=Oct 2016|work=Discovery Magazine|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> and The New Yorker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/07/28/the-eureka-hunt|title=The Eureka Hunt|publisher=}}</ref> He wrote a guest column in Fortune.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2016/12/07/why-you-shouldnt-multitask/|title=Here’s Why You Shouldn’t Multitask, According to an MIT Neuroscientist|last=|first=|date=Dec 2016|work=Fortune|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> Professor Miller has appeared on NBC's Today Show<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.today.com/video/this-is-your-brain-on-facebook-twitter-instagram-other-digital-platforms-609792067900|title=This is your brain on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram other digital platforms|publisher=}}</ref> and has been a frequent guest on National Public Radio and several talk radio shows. He has been quoted and/or his work profiled in the New York Times, CNN, MSNBC, Time,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://time.com/4817946/brain-games-distraction-attention/|title=You Asked: How Can I Use More of My Brain?|last=Heid|first=Markham|date=June 2017|work=Time|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> ABC News, Slate, The Boston Globe, The Times of London, Forbes<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ashleystahl/2017/10/20/4-ways-to-be-more-productive-at-work/#17365a5d19eb|title=4 Ways To Be More Productive At Work|last=Stahl|first=Ashley|date=Oct 2017|work=Forbes|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> etc. A list of media appearances online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ekmillerlab.mit.edu/in-the-news/|title=In the News|date=March 27, 2013|publisher=}}</ref>
Earl Miller has made frequent appearances in the popular press. He was profiled in Discover Magazine<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2016/oct/your-attention-please|title=Attention, Please: Earl Miller Wants to Make Us All Smarter|last=Piore|first=Adam|date=Oct 2016|work=Discovery Magazine|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> and The New Yorker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/07/28/the-eureka-hunt|title=The Eureka Hunt}}</ref> He wrote a guest column in Fortune.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2016/12/07/why-you-shouldnt-multitask/|title=Here's Why You Shouldn't Multitask, According to an MIT Neuroscientist|last=|first=|date=Dec 2016|work=Fortune|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> Professor Miller has appeared on NBC's Today Show<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.today.com/video/this-is-your-brain-on-facebook-twitter-instagram-other-digital-platforms-609792067900|title=This is your brain on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram other digital platforms}}</ref> and has been a frequent guest on National Public Radio and several talk radio shows. He has been quoted and/or his work profiled in the New York Times, CNN, MSNBC, Time,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://time.com/4817946/brain-games-distraction-attention/|title=You Asked: How Can I Use More of My Brain?|last=Heid|first=Markham|date=June 2017|work=Time|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> ABC News, Slate, The Boston Globe, The Times of London, Forbes<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ashleystahl/2017/10/20/4-ways-to-be-more-productive-at-work/#17365a5d19eb|title=4 Ways To Be More Productive At Work|last=Stahl|first=Ashley|date=Oct 2017|work=Forbes|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> etc. A list of media appearances online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ekmillerlab.mit.edu/in-the-news/|title=In the News|date=March 27, 2013}}</ref>


===Awards and honors===
===Awards and honors===
Miller has won a number of awards throughout his career, including the McKnight Scholar Award (1996),{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} Pew Scholar Award (1996)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/pew-biomedical-scholars/directory-of-pew-scholars|title=Directory of Scholars|website=www.pewtrusts.org}}</ref> John Merck Scholar Award (1998),{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} the [[Society for Neuroscience]] Young Investigator Award (2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfn.org/Awards-and-Funding/Individual-Prizes-and-Fellowships/Young-Scientists-Achievements-and-Research/Young-Investigator-Award|title=404|website=www.sfn.org}}</ref> [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]' [[Troland Research Awards|Troland Research Award]] (2000),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/troland-research-awards.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/|title=Troland Research Awards|first=National Academy of Sciences -|last=http://www.nasonline.org|website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> he was tenured at MIT two years ahead of schedule (1999), Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] (2005),{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} the Mathilde Solowey Award in Neurosciences (2007),{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}, a MERIT Award from the National Institute of Mental Health (2010){{citation needed|date=July 2014}}, an Amar G. Bose Research Fellowship (2014),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.mit.edu/2014/mit-faculty-bose-grants-1117|title=Bose grants reward risk|publisher=}}</ref> the Kent State University Professional Achievement Award.,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QqMvPiI7_g|title=2015 Professional Achievement Award - Earl Miller, '85|first=|last=Kent State University Alumni Association|date=October 5, 2015|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> the Goldman-Rakic Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Cognitive Neuroscience (2016),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.mit.edu/2016/earl-miller-receives-goldman-rakic-prize-in-cognitive-neuroscience-1101|title=Earl Miller receives Goldman-Rakic Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Cognitive Neuroscience|publisher=}}</ref> Paul and Lilah Newton Brain Science Award (2017), election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2017), one of the nation’s most prestigious honorary societies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.mit.edu/2017/eleven-from-mit-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences-0412|title=Eleven from MIT elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences for 2017|publisher=}}</ref> and The George A. Miller Prize in Cognitive Neuroscience (2019). He delivered the Commencement Address at Kent State University in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJIpg1yXRik|title=Earl K. Miller's Commencement Address at Kent State 5-14-16|first=|last=Earl Miller|date=May 16, 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref>
Miller has won a number of awards throughout his career, including the McKnight Scholar Award (1996),{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} Pew Scholar Award (1996)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/pew-biomedical-scholars/directory-of-pew-scholars|title=Directory of Scholars|website=www.pewtrusts.org}}</ref> John Merck Scholar Award (1998),{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} the [[Society for Neuroscience]] Young Investigator Award (2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfn.org/Awards-and-Funding/Individual-Prizes-and-Fellowships/Young-Scientists-Achievements-and-Research/Young-Investigator-Award|title=404|website=www.sfn.org}}</ref> [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]' [[Troland Research Awards|Troland Research Award]] (2000),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/troland-research-awards.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/|title=Troland Research Awards|first=National Academy of Sciences -|last=http://www.nasonline.org|website=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> he was tenured at MIT two years ahead of schedule (1999), Fellow of the [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] (2005),{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} the Mathilde Solowey Award in Neurosciences (2007),{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}, a MERIT Award from the National Institute of Mental Health (2010){{citation needed|date=July 2014}}, an Amar G. Bose Research Fellowship (2014),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.mit.edu/2014/mit-faculty-bose-grants-1117|title=Bose grants reward risk}}</ref> the Kent State University Professional Achievement Award.,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QqMvPiI7_g|title=2015 Professional Achievement Award - Earl Miller, '85|last=Kent State University Alumni Association|date=October 5, 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref> the Goldman-Rakic Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Cognitive Neuroscience (2016),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.mit.edu/2016/earl-miller-receives-goldman-rakic-prize-in-cognitive-neuroscience-1101|title=Earl Miller receives Goldman-Rakic Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Cognitive Neuroscience}}</ref> Paul and Lilah Newton Brain Science Award (2017), election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2017), one of the nation’s most prestigious honorary societies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.mit.edu/2017/eleven-from-mit-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences-0412|title=Eleven from MIT elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences for 2017}}</ref> and The George A. Miller Prize in Cognitive Neuroscience (2019). He delivered the Commencement Address at Kent State University in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJIpg1yXRik|title=Earl K. Miller's Commencement Address at Kent State 5-14-16|last=Earl Miller|date=May 16, 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 03:02, 20 July 2019

Earl Miller
Earl Miller
Earl Miller 2014
Born
Earl Keith Miller

(1962-11-30)November 30, 1962
Alma materKent State University (BS)
Princeton University (MS, PhD)
AwardsTroland Research Award (2000)

Goldman-Rakic Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Cognitive Neuroscience (2016)

Election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2017)

The George A. Miller Prize in Cognitive Neuroscience (2019)
Scientific career
FieldsNeuroscience
Cognitive science[1]
InstitutionsMassachusetts Institute of Technology
ThesisNeurophysiological investigations of inferior temporal cortex of the macaque (1990)
Doctoral advisorCharles G. Gross[2]
Notable studentsJoni Wallis (postdoc)[3]

David Freedman

Andreas Nieder (postdoc)
Websiteekmillerlab.mit.edu/earl-miller/

Earl Keith Miller (born November 30, 1962, Columbus OH)[citation needed] is a cognitive neuroscientist, whose research focuses on neural mechanisms of learning, memory, and cognition.[4][1] Earl Miller is the Picower Professor of Neuroscience with the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[5][6][7] He is also the Chief Scientist and co-founder of SplitSage.[8]

Education

Earl Miller received a Bachelor of Arts degree (summa cum laude, with honors) in psychology from Kent State University in 1985,[citation needed] Master of Arts degree in psychology and neuroscience from Princeton University in 1987,[citation needed] and a PhD in psychology and neuroscience from Princeton University in 1990 for neurophysiological investigations of the inferior temporal cortex in the macaque supervised by Charles G. Gross.[2]

Career and research

From 1990–1995 he was a postdoctoral research fellow in the laboratory of neuropsychology at the National Institute of Mental Health.[citation needed] In 1995 Earl Miller joined the faculty of the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT as Assistant Professor of Neuroscience and quickly advanced the academic ranks. He received tenure in 1999 (two years ahead of schedule) and became Professor in 2002. He was appointed to the Picower chair at MIT in 2003. He was Associate Director of the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory at MIT from 2001 to 2009, and was Director of Graduate Studies in Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT. He has delivered numerous lectures worldwide, serves as editor, and on the editorial boards of, major journals in neuroscience, and on international advisory boards. He has served on the advisory boards of NeuroFocus, a Berkeley, California based neuromarketing company.[9][10] and Motimatic.[11] Professor Miller is the Co-Founder and Chief Scientist of SplitSage.[8]

Miller's research aims to understand how the prefrontal cortex, a neural system located in the frontal lobe of the brain, subserves cognitive control. Cognitive or executive control involves the higher-order processing that comes into play when our behavior has to be guided by plans, thoughts, and goals. This sort of behavior contrasts with the one that is primarily driven by external stimuli or by emotion, as well as with behavior that is stereotypical and automatic. Although the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has long been thought to mediate executive functions in the human brain, the mechanisms through which PFC regulates this goal-oriented, purposeful behavior were not clearly understood.

Miller's paper with Jonathan Cohen, An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function,[12] has been designated a Current Classic as among the most cited papers in Neuroscience and Behavior.[13] As of July 2017, Miller and Cohen (2001) is the 5th most-cited paper in all of Neuroscience.[14] His paper with Tim Buschman, Top-down versus Bottom-up Control of Attention in the Prefrontal and Posterior Parietal Cortices[15] was The Scientist's Hot Paper for October 2009.[16]

Research conducted in Earl Miller's laboratory has shown that such cognitive control is manifested in the neural activity in the primate PFC. The activation of PFC neurons can reflect the abstract cognitive process that is guiding behavior during a control-demanding task. PFC neurons, thus, have been documented to represent abstract rules such as "same vs. different",[3] to process the category[17] or quantity[18] of visual stimuli, and to guide the allocation of attentional resources.[19] PFC activity has also been shown to reflect the flexible remapping of stimulus-response associations.[20] These results have arisen through a combination of electrophysiological, psychophysical, and computational techniques. One of his chief contributions is demonstrating that cortical neurons can be multifunctional (i.e., show "mixed selectivity").[21] This has been a major advance beyond earlier theories that posited that each neuron has a specific function. This property gives the brain greater computational horsepower and endows flexibility, a hallmark of higher-level cognition.[22]

Miller has innovated techniques for recording from many neurons simultaneously in multiple brain areas. This is a departure from the classic single-neuron recording approach. It allows detailed and direct comparison of neuron properties between brain areas that are not confounded by extraneous factors and examination of the temporal dynamics of activity between neurons.[23] Miller's lab has used this approach to make a number of discoveries of how different brain areas collaborate to produce thought and action.[24] This includes recent discoveries that oscillating "brain waves" may control the timing of shifts of attention[25] and that different items simultaneously held in short-term memory line up on different phases of each brain wave.[26] The latter may explain why we can only think about a few things at the same time.[27]

Media Appearances

Earl Miller has made frequent appearances in the popular press. He was profiled in Discover Magazine[28] and The New Yorker.[29] He wrote a guest column in Fortune.[30] Professor Miller has appeared on NBC's Today Show[31] and has been a frequent guest on National Public Radio and several talk radio shows. He has been quoted and/or his work profiled in the New York Times, CNN, MSNBC, Time,[32] ABC News, Slate, The Boston Globe, The Times of London, Forbes[33] etc. A list of media appearances online.[34]

Awards and honors

Miller has won a number of awards throughout his career, including the McKnight Scholar Award (1996),[citation needed] Pew Scholar Award (1996)[35] John Merck Scholar Award (1998),[citation needed] the Society for Neuroscience Young Investigator Award (2000)[36] National Academy of Sciences' Troland Research Award (2000),[37] he was tenured at MIT two years ahead of schedule (1999), Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2005),[citation needed] the Mathilde Solowey Award in Neurosciences (2007),[citation needed], a MERIT Award from the National Institute of Mental Health (2010)[citation needed], an Amar G. Bose Research Fellowship (2014),[38] the Kent State University Professional Achievement Award.,[39] the Goldman-Rakic Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Cognitive Neuroscience (2016),[40] Paul and Lilah Newton Brain Science Award (2017), election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2017), one of the nation’s most prestigious honorary societies,[41] and The George A. Miller Prize in Cognitive Neuroscience (2019). He delivered the Commencement Address at Kent State University in 2016.[42]

References

  1. ^ a b Earl K. Miller publications indexed by Google Scholar Edit this at Wikidata
  2. ^ a b Miller, Earl Keith (1990). Neurophysiological investigations of inferior temporal cortex of the macaque. princeton.edu (PhD thesis). Princeton University. OCLC 84015941.
  3. ^ a b Wallis, Jonathan D.; Anderson, Kathleen C.; Miller, Earl K. (2001). "Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules". Nature. 411 (6840): 953–956. doi:10.1038/35082081. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11418860.
  4. ^ "Miller Lab". Miller Lab.
  5. ^ "Brain and Cognitive Sciences". bcs.mit.edu.
  6. ^ http://web.mit.edu/picower/faculty/miller.html Miller's page at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory
  7. ^ Earl Miller Playlist Appearance on WMBR's Dinnertime Sampler radio show April 6, 2005
  8. ^ a b "SplitSage". SplitSage.
  9. ^ "Nexus of Neuroscience, Engineering, Marketing". NeuroFocus. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "The Executive Brain and Decision-Making". YouTube. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  11. ^ "Motimatic". www.motimatic.com.
  12. ^ Miller, E.K. and Cohen, J.D. (2001) An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24:167–202.
  13. ^ "April 2008 – Current Classics". ScienceWatch.com. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  14. ^ Yeung, Andy W. K.; Goto, Tazuko K.; Leung, W. Keung (September 11, 2018). "At the Leading Front of Neuroscience: A Bibliometric Study of the 100 Most-Cited Articles". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 11: 363. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00363. PMC 5520389. PMID 28785211.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2007) Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science. 315: 1860–1862.
  16. ^ Akst, Jef. "Cortical crosstalk – The Scientist – Magazine of the Life Sciences". The Scientist. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  17. ^ Freedman, D.J., Riesenhuber, M., Poggio, T., and Miller, E.K. (2001) Categorical representation of visual stimuli in the primate prefrontal cortex. Science, 291:312–316.
  18. ^ Nieder, A., Freedman, D.J., and Miller, E.K. (2002) Representation of the quantity of visual items in the primate prefrontal cortex. Science, 297:1708–1711.
  19. ^ Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2007) Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science, 315: 1860–1862.
  20. ^ Pasupathy, A. and Miller, E.K. (2005) Different time courses for learning-related activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Nature, 433:873–876.
  21. ^ Rigotti, Mattia; Barak, Omri; Warden, Melissa R.; Wang, Xiao-Jing; Daw, Nathaniel D.; Miller, Earl K.; Fusi, Stefano (May 2013). "The importance of mixed selectivity in complex cognitive tasks". Nature. 497 (7451): 585–590. doi:10.1038/nature12160. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4412347. PMID 23685452.
  22. ^ Fusi, Stefano; Miller, Earl K.; Rigotti, Mattia (April 1, 2016). "Why neurons mix: high dimensionality for higher cognition". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 37: 66–74. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2016.01.010. ISSN 0959-4388. PMID 26851755.
  23. ^ Miller, E.K., and Wilson, M.A. (2008) All my circuits: Using multiple-electrodes to understand functioning neural networks. Neuron 60:483–488
  24. ^ Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2007) Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science. 315: 1860–1862, Pasupathy, A. and Miller, E.K. (2005) Different time courses for learning-related activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Nature, 433:873–876., Freedman, D.J., Riesenhuber, M., Poggio, T., and Miller, E.K (2003) A comparison of primate prefrontal and inferior temporal cortices during visual categorization. Journal of Neuroscience, 23(12):5235–5246.
  25. ^ Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2009) Serial, covert, shifts of attention during visual search are reflected by the frontal eye fields and correlated with population oscillations. Neuron, 63: 386–396.Buschman, T.J. and Miller, E.K. (2009) Serial, covert, shifts of attention during visual search are reflected by the frontal eye fields and correlated with population oscillations. Neuron, 63: 386–396.
  26. ^ Siegel, M., Warden, M.R., and Miller, E.K. (2009) Phase-dependent neuronal coding of objects in short-term memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106: 21341-21346
  27. ^ Vogel, E.K., Fukada, K. In mind and out of phase, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106:21017-21018
  28. ^ Piore, Adam (October 2016). "Attention, Please: Earl Miller Wants to Make Us All Smarter". Discovery Magazine. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  29. ^ "The Eureka Hunt".
  30. ^ "Here's Why You Shouldn't Multitask, According to an MIT Neuroscientist". Fortune. December 2016. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  31. ^ "This is your brain on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram other digital platforms".
  32. ^ Heid, Markham (June 2017). "You Asked: How Can I Use More of My Brain?". Time. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  33. ^ Stahl, Ashley (October 2017). "4 Ways To Be More Productive At Work". Forbes. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  34. ^ "In the News". March 27, 2013.
  35. ^ "Directory of Scholars". www.pewtrusts.org.
  36. ^ "404". www.sfn.org. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  37. ^ http://www.nasonline.org, National Academy of Sciences -. "Troland Research Awards". www.nasonline.org. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
  38. ^ "Bose grants reward risk".
  39. ^ Kent State University Alumni Association (October 5, 2015). "2015 Professional Achievement Award - Earl Miller, '85" – via YouTube.
  40. ^ "Earl Miller receives Goldman-Rakic Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Cognitive Neuroscience".
  41. ^ "Eleven from MIT elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences for 2017".
  42. ^ Earl Miller (May 16, 2016). "Earl K. Miller's Commencement Address at Kent State 5-14-16" – via YouTube.
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