Mount Hasan: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 38°07′39″N 34°10′00″E / 38.12750°N 34.16667°E / 38.12750; 34.16667
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'''Mount Hasan''' ({{lang-tr|Hasan Dağı}}) is an inactive [[stratovolcano]] in [[Aksaray Province|Aksaray]] province, [[Turkey]]. With an elevation of {{convert|3268|m|ft|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite peakbagger |pid=13246 |name=Hasan Dagi, Turkey|accessdate=2014-05-25}}</ref> it ranks as the second highest mountain of central [[Anatolia]]. A [[caldera]] 4-5 kilometres wide formed near the current summit around 7500 BC, in an eruption recorded in [[Neolithic]] paintings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/science-catalhoyuk-map-mural-volcanic-eruption-01681.html|title=Çatalhöyük ‘Map’ Mural May Depict Volcanic Eruption 8,900 Years Ago {{!}} Archaeology {{!}} Sci-News.com|website=www.sci-news.com|access-date=2016-04-13}}</ref>
'''Mount Hasan''' ({{lang-tr|Hasan Dağı}}) is an inactive [[stratovolcano]] in [[Aksaray Province|Aksaray]] province, [[Turkey]]. With an elevation of {{convert|3268|m|ft|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite peakbagger |pid=13246 |name=Hasan Dagi, Turkey|accessdate=2014-05-25}}</ref> it ranks as the second highest mountain of central [[Anatolia]]. A [[caldera]] 4-5 kilometres wide formed near the current summit around 7500 BC, in an eruption possibly recorded in an [[Neolithic]] painting.<ref name="Schmitt">{{cite journal |last1=Schmitt |first1=Axel K. |last2=Danišík |first2=Martin |last3=Aydar |first3=Erkan |last4=Şen |first4=Erdal |last5=Ulusoy |first5=İnan |last6=Lovera |first6=Oscar M. |title=Identifying the Volcanic Eruption Depicted in a Neolithic Painting at Çatalhöyük, Central Anatolia, Turkey |journal=PLoS ONE |date=8 January 2014 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Hasan&action=edit&section=0&summary=/*%20top%20*/%20# |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0084711 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3885600/ |accessdate=28 July 2019 |issn=1932-6203}}</ref>


The ancient [[Human settlement|settlement]] of [[Çatalhöyük]] collected [[obsidian]] from the area of Hasan Dağ, which they probably traded with other settlements for luxury goods. Obsidian mirrors and flakes have also been found. The importance of Hasan Dağ to the people of Çatalhöyük may be shown by a [[mural|wall painting]], sometimes called the "first landscape" by [[Art history|art historians]], which some believe is a depiction of Hasan Dağ towering over the settlement's houses.
The ancient [[Human settlement|settlement]] of [[Çatalhöyük]] collected [[obsidian]] from the area of Hasan Dağ, which they probably traded with other settlements for luxury goods. Obsidian mirrors and flakes have also been found. The importance of Hasan Dağ to the people of Çatalhöyük may be shown by a [[mural|wall painting]], sometimes called the "first landscape" by [[Art history|art historians]], which some believe is a depiction of Hasan Dağ towering over the settlement's houses.

Revision as of 12:46, 28 July 2019

For other uses, see Hassan (disambiguation).
Mount Hasan
Highest point
Elevation3,268 m (10,722 ft)[1]
Prominence1,922 m (6,306 ft)[1]
ListingUltra
Coordinates38°07′39″N 34°10′00″E / 38.12750°N 34.16667°E / 38.12750; 34.16667[1]
Geography
Mount Hasan is located in Turkey
Mount Hasan
Mount Hasan
Turkey
LocationAksaray Province, Turkey
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Last eruption6200 BC

Mount Hasan (Turkish: Hasan Dağı) is an inactive stratovolcano in Aksaray province, Turkey. With an elevation of 3,268 m (10,722 ft),[2] it ranks as the second highest mountain of central Anatolia. A caldera 4-5 kilometres wide formed near the current summit around 7500 BC, in an eruption possibly recorded in an Neolithic painting.[3]

The ancient settlement of Çatalhöyük collected obsidian from the area of Hasan Dağ, which they probably traded with other settlements for luxury goods. Obsidian mirrors and flakes have also been found. The importance of Hasan Dağ to the people of Çatalhöyük may be shown by a wall painting, sometimes called the "first landscape" by art historians, which some believe is a depiction of Hasan Dağ towering over the settlement's houses.

It was the second mountain from the south in the Byzantine beacon system used to warn the Byzantine capital of Constantinople of incursions during the Arab–Byzantine wars.

Approximately a six hours' walk is required to climb to the top of the mountain from the highest point accessible by car. The summit offers a fabulous view over the central Anatolian plateau, including distant Cappadocia.

Geography and geomorphology

Mount Hasan lies in the Anatolian plateau, between the Taurus Range and the Pontic Mountains,[4] and its and Mount Erciyes's silhouettes dominate the landscape.[5] The city of Aksaray lies 30–40 kilometres (19–25 mi) northwest from Mount Hasan,[6] Helvadere, Uluören, Dikmen and Taşpınar lie clockwise from north to northwest around the volcano.[7] In addition, there are seasonal settlements on the volcano which are associated with summer pastures.[8]

Mount Hasan is part of a larger volcanic province in Central Anatolia, which includes ignimbrites, monogenetic volcanic fields and stratovolcanoes such as Mount Erciyes, Mount Hasan,[9] Karadağ[9][10] and Melendiz Dağ[9] with an area of about 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi).[11] Volcanism took place during the Plio-Pleistocene and into the Quaternary[9] and this volcanic region is known as the Central Anatolian or Cappadocian Volcanic Province.[12]

The volcano has two summits, the 3,069 metres (10,069 ft) high eastern Small Hasan Dagi and the 3,253 metres (10,673 ft) high Big Hasan Dagi; both are located within a caldera[7] and consist of lava domes and lava flows. Big Hasan Dagi has two nested craters with a 800 metres (2,600 ft) wide and 200 metres (660 ft) high inner cone that is the source of a lava flow.[13] The volcano covers an area of 760 square kilometres (290 sq mi) with 354 cubic kilometres (85 cu mi) of rocks[14] and the terrain is formed by phreatomagmatic breccias, ignimbrites, lahar deposits, lava domes, lava flows and nueé ardente deposits.[7] The nueé ardente deposits occur in the form of fans or valley flows, when they were channelled by topography.[15] The northern flanks also feature debris avalanche deposits with hummocky surfaces.[16]

Cinder cones, maars and accompanying lava flows also occur around Mount Hasan, they are part of a basaltic volcano family[17] that forms parasitic vents.[15] These include the Yıpraktepe cone/maar[18] and a lava flow field at Karataş which covers an area of 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi) and was produced by fissure vents.[19]

Geology

As a consequence of continental collision between Arabia-Africa and Eurasia,[20] Anatolia moves westward between the North Anatolian Fault and the East Anatolian Fault. This movement and the resulting tectonic deformation of Anatolia are responsible for volcanism in Central Anatolia[9] which has been ongoing for the past 10 million years;[21] this volcanism is defined as "post-collisional".[22] Further, volcanism at Mount Hasan has been related to the Tuz Gölü Fault[23] and its intersection with the Karaman-Aksaray faults;[24] the former of these is one of two major fault systems in Central Anatolia which influence volcanism there,[21] and volcanic products of Mount Hasan have been deformed by the fault.[25]

The westerly Mount Hasan, central Keciboyduran[26] and easterly Melendiz Dağ[27] form a mountain range, which is surrounded by plains and whose summits reach heights of over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). Of these mountains, Melendiz Dağ is more heavily eroded compared to the steep cones of Hasan[28] and like Keciboyduran is of early Pliocene age.[29] Additionally, Mount Hasan forms a volcanic lineament with Karadağ and the Karapınar Field.[10]

The basement in Central Anatolia is formed by magmatic, metamorphic and ophiolitic rocks, the former of which are of Paleozoic to Mesozoic age;[21] it crops out at scattered sites and in the Kirshehir and Nigde massifs.[25] The surface however consists mainly of Tertiary volcanic rocks,[30] which are formed both by volcaniclastic material and individual volcanoes.[25]

Composition

Mount Hasan has produced volcanic rocks with compositions ranging from basalt to rhyolite but dominated by andesite and dacite[31] which define an older tholeiitic and a younger calc-alkaline[32] or alkaline suite.[22] These rocks in turn include amphibole, apatite, biotite, clinopyroxene,[33] garnet,[34] ilmenite, mica,[33] olivine,[35] orthopyroxene, plagioclase,[36] pyroxene[14] in the form of augite, bronzite, diopside, hypersthene and salite,[37] and quartz.[36] The older volcanic stages have produced basaltic andesite[38] while dacite appears only in the most recent stage.[35] Obsidian also occurs in the most recent stage[31] while most of the rocks are porphyritic.[33] The basaltic family includes both basaltic andesite and alkali basalts with augite, clinopyroxene, garnet, hornblende, hypersthene, olivine, orthopyroxene, oxides and plagioclase.[34][39]

Magma mixing processes appear to be the most important mechanisms involved in the genesis of Mount Hasan magmas,[40] which are derived from the mantle with participation of crustal components.[41] Evidence of fractional crystallization has been encountered in the most recent stage rocks[35] and more generally played a role in the genesis of Hasan magmas[42] although they do not explain all of the compositional traits.[43] Older volcanic stages also show evidence of subduction influence[44] while the more recent magmas are more indicative of intraplate processes[45] and the effects of crustal extension[46] and of the presence of water.[47]

Ecology

Oak forests occur on Mount Hasan.[48] The Melendiz River passes north and northeast of the volcano.[26]

Eruption history

Mount Hasan has been active for the last 13 million years, with the Keçikalesi, Paleo-Hasan, Mesovolcano and Neovolcano stages during the Miocene, Miocene-Pliocene and Quaternary.[14] Keçikalesi is among the oldest volcanoes of the Central Anatolian volcanic province[49] and the older two stages might actually not be part of Mount Hasan at all.[46] Aside from the felsic central vent volcanism, basaltic volcanism also took place at Mount Hasan throughout its activity;[13] these eruptions have been dated to 120,000, 65,000[50] and the most recent event 34,000 years ago.[32]

Keçikalesi is the oldest (13 million years) volcanic structure, it is a small sized volcano with a caldera which crops out on the southwestern side of Mount Hasan. It grew over sediments to a present-day elevation of 1,700 metres (5,600 ft); today it is eroded, partly buried by the younger Hasan volcanics[14] and disrupted by strike-slip faulting. About 7 million years ago the Paleovolcano began to grow north of Keçikalesi; it too is buried by more recent volcanics but part of its deposits crop out on the northwestern flank of Mount Hasan in the form of ignimbrites, lahars and lava flows.[36] The Paleovolcano also formed a caldera which produced the rhyolitic Dikmen-Taspinar Ignimbrites;[50] formerly the Cappadocian tuffs were in general attributed to volcanism at Mount Hasan, Mount Erciyes and Göllü Dag. [51]

The Quaternary activity gave rise to the Mesovolcano and Neovolcano, with the former centered between the two present-day summits. This volcano produced ignimbrites, lava domes and lava flows and eventually a caldera; it too has been dissected by faulting which probably also influenced the development of the volcano[36] and its activity probably occurred between 1 and 0.15 million years ago.[52] Finally, the Neovolcano grew within the caldera, producing various kinds of deposits; these include lava domes with accompanying nueé ardente deposits, breccia in the rim of the Mesovolcano caldera[36] that probably formed through the interaction of intruding magma with water in the caldera,[15] 700,000 years ago rhyolitic flows and ignimbrites accompanied by the formation of another, 4 by 5 kilometres (2.5 mi × 3.1 mi) caldera, and finally andesitic lava flows and lava domes which form the two main summits. Small Mount Hasan is probably older as it is more heavily eroded while the morphology of Big Hasan Dagi is fresher[13] although its nueé ardente deposits are heavily incised. Dates of 33,000 and 29,000 years ago have been obtained on the summit domes.[16] Tephras found in a lake of the Turkish Lakes Region have been attributed to Mount Hasan.[53]

Holocene activity

Eruptions occurred 8,970 ± 640,[16] 8,200, less than 6,000 years ago[36] and 0 ± 3,000 years ago; the first emplaced pumice on the summit, the penultimate of these formed a lava dome on the northern flank while the last formed a lava flow on Mount Hasan's western foot.[16]

A 6,200 years old mural discovered in Çatalhöyük has been interpreted as showing an eruption of Mount Hasan[54] and has been connected with the 8,200[36] or 8,970 ± 640 eruption although this interpretation has been contested.[16] The recorded eruption probably was a lava dome eruption and a painting thereof is kept at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara.[13]

Presently, fumaroles occur in the summit region and the heat flow is enough to melt snow. The volcano is thus still considered a threat, nueé ardentes accompanying lava domes could endanger local villages and ignimbrites associated with caldera forming eruptions could reach cities like Aksaray, impacting around 80,000 people.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Turkey: 23 Mountain Summits with Prominence of 1,500 meters or greater". Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  2. ^ "Hasan Dagi, Turkey". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2014-05-25.
  3. ^ Schmitt, Axel K.; Danišík, Martin; Aydar, Erkan; Şen, Erdal; Ulusoy, İnan; Lovera, Oscar M. (8 January 2014). "Identifying the Volcanic Eruption Depicted in a Neolithic Painting at Çatalhöyük, Central Anatolia, Turkey". PLoS ONE. 9 (1): https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Hasan&action=edit&section=0&summary=/*%20top%20*/%20#. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084711. ISSN 1932-6203. Retrieved 28 July 2019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 90.
  5. ^ Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 103.
  6. ^ Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 536.
  7. ^ a b c Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 131.
  8. ^ Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 14.
  9. ^ a b c d e Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 129.
  10. ^ a b Strecker, Manfred R.; Pérez-Gussinyé, Marta; Çiner, Attila; Garcin, Yannick; Hillemann, Christian; Yıldırım, Cengiz; Melnick, Daniel (1 June 2017). "Slip along the Sultanhanı Fault in Central Anatolia from deformed Pleistocene shorelines of palaeo-lake Konya and implications for seismic hazards in low-strain regions". Geophysical Journal International. 209 (3): 1434. doi:10.1093/gji/ggx074. ISSN 0956-540X.
  11. ^ Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 535.
  12. ^ Köprübaşi et al. 2014, p. 585.
  13. ^ a b c d Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 134.
  14. ^ a b c d Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 130.
  15. ^ a b c Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 150.
  16. ^ a b c d e Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 557.
  17. ^ Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 134,136.
  18. ^ Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 558.
  19. ^ Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 559.
  20. ^ Deniel, Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 276.
  21. ^ a b c Köprübaşi & Güçteki̇n 2009, p. 2.
  22. ^ a b Köprübaşi et al. 2014, p. 587.
  23. ^ Beekman 1966, p. 90.
  24. ^ Deniel, Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 293.
  25. ^ a b c Toprak & Göncöoḡlu 1993, p. 359.
  26. ^ a b Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 552.
  27. ^ Deniel, Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 278.
  28. ^ Beekman 1966, p. 91.
  29. ^ Toprak & Göncöoḡlu 1993, p. 361.
  30. ^ Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 551.
  31. ^ a b Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 149.
  32. ^ a b c Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 151.
  33. ^ a b c Deniel, Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 283.
  34. ^ a b Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 145.
  35. ^ a b c Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 147.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 133.
  37. ^ Köprübaşi et al. 2014, p. 589.
  38. ^ Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 130,133.
  39. ^ Beekman 1966, p. 101.
  40. ^ Dogan et al. 2008, p. 803.
  41. ^ Köprübaşi & Güçteki̇n 2009, p. 23.
  42. ^ Deniel, Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 288.
  43. ^ Dogan et al. 2008, p. 801.
  44. ^ Deniel, Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 290.
  45. ^ Deniel, Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 291.
  46. ^ a b Deniel, Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 294.
  47. ^ Köprübaşi et al. 2014, p. 599.
  48. ^ Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 95.
  49. ^ Toprak & Göncöoḡlu 1993, p. 367.
  50. ^ a b Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 136.
  51. ^ Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019, p. 540.
  52. ^ Deniel, Aydar & Gourgaud 1998, p. 277.
  53. ^ Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine; Bertaux, Jacques; Black, Stuart; Denefle, Michele; Fontugne, Michel; Karabiyikoğlu, Mustafa; Kashima, Kaoru; Limondin-Lozouet, Nicole; Mouralis, Damase; Orth, Paul (January 1999). "Reconstruction of climatic changes during the Late Pleistocene, based on sediment records from the Konya Basin (Central Anatolia, Turkey)". Geological Journal. 34 (1–2): 185. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1034(199901/06)34:1/2<175::AID-GJ820>3.0.CO;2-M.
  54. ^ Dogan et al. 2008, p. 797.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Hasan.

Sources

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