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== Discovery and isolation ==
== Discovery and isolation ==
''Dokdonia donghaensis'' was discovered and isolated from the East Sea in Korea from an island called Dokdo;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yoon |first1=JH |last2=Kang |first2=SJ |last3=Lee |first3=CH |last4=Oh |first4=TK |date=2005 |title=''Dokdonia donghaensis'' gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from sea water |journal=Int J Syst Evol Micr |volume=55 |issue=6 |pp=2323–8}}</ref> the date of isolation is not specified. Phylogenetic analysis of the [[16S ribosomal RNA]] gene sequence of the organism revealed two closely related strains, DSW-1T and DSW-21. These strains are classified in ''Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides'' (CFB) group, which are dominant genera in marine environments.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bowman |first1=JP |last2=McCammon |first2=SA |last3=Brown |first3=MV |last4=Nichols |first4=DS |last5=McMeekin |first5=TA |date=1997 |title=Diversity and association of psychrophilic bacteria in Antarctic sea ice |journal=Appl Environ Microbiol |volume=63 |pp=3068–3078}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Glöckner |first1=FO |last2=Fuchs |first2=BM |last3=Amann |first3=R |date=1999 |title=Bacterioplankton compositions of lakes and oceans: a first comparison based on fluorescence ''in situ'' hybridization |journal=Appl Environ Microbiol |volume=65 |pp=3721–3726}}</ref> [[Sergei Winogradsky|Winogradsky]] first described ''Cytophaga''-like bacteria as unicellular, gliding, non-spore-formers, and [[Gram-negative]] rods, although the shape varies. Many ''Cytophaga''-like bacterial colonies have pigment due to flexirubin-type pigments that are only found in these bacteria and flavobacteria. ''Cytophaga–Flavobacteria'' are chemoorganotrophs and are able to degrade biopolymers like chitin and cellulose.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kirchman |first=DL |date=2002 |title=The ecology of ''Cytophaga-Flavobacteria'' in aquatic environments |journal=FEMS Microbiol Ecol |volume=39 |pp=91–100}}</ref>
''Dokdonia donghaensis'' was discovered and isolated from the East Sea in Korea from an island called Dokdo;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yoon |first1=JH |last2=Kang |first2=SJ |last3=Lee |first3=CH |last4=Oh |first4=TK |date=2005 |title=''Dokdonia donghaensis'' gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from sea water |journal=Int J Syst Evol Micr |volume=55 |issue=6 |pp=2323–8 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.63817-0}}</ref> the date of isolation is not specified. Phylogenetic analysis of the [[16S ribosomal RNA]] gene sequence of the organism revealed two closely related strains, DSW-1T and DSW-21. These strains are classified in ''Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides'' (CFB) group, which are dominant genera in marine environments.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bowman |first1=JP |last2=McCammon |first2=SA |last3=Brown |first3=MV |last4=Nichols |first4=DS |last5=McMeekin |first5=TA |date=1997 |title=Diversity and association of psychrophilic bacteria in Antarctic sea ice |journal=Appl Environ Microbiol |volume=63 |pp=3068–3078}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Glöckner |first1=FO |last2=Fuchs |first2=BM |last3=Amann |first3=R |date=1999 |title=Bacterioplankton compositions of lakes and oceans: a first comparison based on fluorescence ''in situ'' hybridization |journal=Appl Environ Microbiol |volume=65 |pp=3721–3726}}</ref> [[Sergei Winogradsky|Winogradsky]] first described ''Cytophaga''-like bacteria as unicellular, gliding, non-spore-formers, and [[Gram-negative]] rods, although the shape varies. Many ''Cytophaga''-like bacterial colonies have pigment due to flexirubin-type pigments that are only found in these bacteria and flavobacteria. ''Cytophaga–Flavobacteria'' are chemoorganotrophs and are able to degrade biopolymers like chitin and cellulose.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kirchman |first=DL |date=2002 |title=The ecology of ''Cytophaga-Flavobacteria'' in aquatic environments |journal=FEMS Microbiol Ecol |volume=39 |pp=91–100 |doi=10.1016/s0168-6496(01)00206-9}}</ref>


== Morphology and genome ==
== Morphology and genome ==


''D. donghaensis'' is a [[gram-negative]] bacterium that is rod-shaped, nonmotile, and a non-spore-former. The bacteria are able to grow on seawater media with agar, in which the colonies appear circular, slightly convex, glistening, smooth, yellow, and 1–2&nbsp;mm in diameter. The DSW-1T strain of ''D. donghaensis'' has about 3,923,666 base pairs in its [[genome]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kim |first1=K |last2=Kwon |first2=SK |last3=Yoon |first3=JH |last4=Kim |first4=JF |date=2016 |title=Complete genome sequence of the proteorhodopsin-containing marine ''flavobacterium Dokdonia donghaensis'' DSW-1T, isolated from seawater off Dokdo in the East Sea (Sea of Korea) |journal=Genome Announc |volume=4 |issue=4 |pp=e00804-16}}</ref> The [[DNA]] G+C content for ''D. donghaensis'' is 38%.
''D. donghaensis'' is a [[gram-negative]] bacterium that is rod-shaped, nonmotile, and a non-spore-former. The bacteria are able to grow on seawater media with agar, in which the colonies appear circular, slightly convex, glistening, smooth, yellow, and 1–2&nbsp;mm in diameter. The DSW-1T strain of ''D. donghaensis'' has about 3,923,666 base pairs in its [[genome]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kim |first1=K |last2=Kwon |first2=SK |last3=Yoon |first3=JH |last4=Kim |first4=JF |date=2016 |title=Complete genome sequence of the proteorhodopsin-containing marine ''flavobacterium Dokdonia donghaensis'' DSW-1T, isolated from seawater off Dokdo in the East Sea (Sea of Korea) |journal=Genome Announc |volume=4 |issue=4 |pp=e00804-16 |doi=10.1128/genomea.00804-16}}</ref> The [[DNA]] G+C content for ''D. donghaensis'' is 38%.


Image of the phylogenetic tree can be viewed [http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/ijsem/55/6/2323fig1.gif here].
Image of the phylogenetic tree can be viewed [http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/ijsem/55/6/2323fig1.gif here].
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== Metabolism ==
== Metabolism ==
''D. donghaensis'' performs light-driven sodium ion transport. This light-driven proton pump is called a [[proteorhodopsin]], which increases the organism’s survival rate because it can convert light into energy that the organism needs to grow.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=DeLong |first1=EF |last2=Beja |first2=O |date=2010 |title=The light-driven proton pump proteorhodopsin enhances bacterial survival during tough times |journal=PLoS Biol |volume=8 |issue=4 |pp=e1000359}}</ref> Since the organism uses light for energy, it is a [[phototroph]]. ''D. donghaensis'' is able to secrete enzymes such as [[catalase]] and [[oxidase]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wang |first1=Y |last2=Zhou |first2=C |last3=Ming |first3=H |last4=Kang |first4=J |last5=Chen |first5=H |last6=Jing |first6=C |last7=Feng |first7=H |last8=Chang |first8=Y |last9=Guo |first9=Z |last10=Wang |first10=L |date=2016 |title=''Pseudofulvibacter marinus'' sp. nov., isolated from seawater |journal=Int J Syst Evol Micr |volume=66 |issue=3 |pp=1301–5}}</ref> Since the organism is a strict [[aerobe]], it used oxygen as a terminal [[electron acceptor]]. The organism can grow on peptone and tryptone as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources. ''D. donghaensis'' cannot grow in the absence of NaCl or when it is greater than 7% (w/v); growth is optimal at 2% (w/v) NaCl. The organism is susceptible to the antibiotics [[tetracycline]] and [[carbenicillin]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Burmølle |first1=M |last2=Webb |first2=JS |last3=Rao |first3=D |last4=Hansen |first4=LH |last5=Sørensen |first5=SJ |last6=Kjelleberg |first6=S |date=2006 |title=Enhanced biofilm formation and increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and bacterial invasion are caused by synergistic interactions in multispecies biofilms |journal=Appl Environ Microbiol |volume=72 |issue=6 |pp=3916–23}}</ref> although the organism's ability to form biofilms makes it difficult for [[antibiotics]] to penetrate the viscous layers.
''D. donghaensis'' performs light-driven sodium ion transport. This light-driven proton pump is called a [[proteorhodopsin]], which increases the organism’s survival rate because it can convert light into energy that the organism needs to grow.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=DeLong |first1=EF |last2=Beja |first2=O |date=2010 |title=The light-driven proton pump proteorhodopsin enhances bacterial survival during tough times |journal=PLoS Biol |volume=8 |issue=4 |pp=e1000359 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000359}}</ref> Since the organism uses light for energy, it is a [[phototroph]]. ''D. donghaensis'' is able to secrete enzymes such as [[catalase]] and [[oxidase]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wang |first1=Y |last2=Zhou |first2=C |last3=Ming |first3=H |last4=Kang |first4=J |last5=Chen |first5=H |last6=Jing |first6=C |last7=Feng |first7=H |last8=Chang |first8=Y |last9=Guo |first9=Z |last10=Wang |first10=L |date=2016 |title=''Pseudofulvibacter marinus'' sp. nov., isolated from seawater |journal=Int J Syst Evol Micr |volume=66 |issue=3 |pp=1301–5 |doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.000879}}</ref> Since the organism is a strict [[aerobe]], it used oxygen as a terminal [[electron acceptor]]. The organism can grow on peptone and tryptone as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources. ''D. donghaensis'' cannot grow in the absence of NaCl or when it is greater than 7% (w/v); growth is optimal at 2% (w/v) NaCl. The organism is susceptible to the antibiotics [[tetracycline]] and [[carbenicillin]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Burmølle |first1=M |last2=Webb |first2=JS |last3=Rao |first3=D |last4=Hansen |first4=LH |last5=Sørensen |first5=SJ |last6=Kjelleberg |first6=S |date=2006 |title=Enhanced biofilm formation and increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and bacterial invasion are caused by synergistic interactions in multispecies biofilms |journal=Appl Environ Microbiol |volume=72 |issue=6 |pp=3916–23 |doi=10.1128/aem.03022-05}}</ref> although the organism's ability to form biofilms makes it difficult for [[antibiotics]] to penetrate the viscous layers.


== Habitat ==
== Habitat ==
''D. donghaensis'' lives in halophilic marine environments. The organism can grow as low as 4&nbsp;°C and as high as 35&nbsp;°C, although the optimum temperature for growth is 30&nbsp;°C. The optimal pH for growth is 7-8, although growth can be observed at a pH as low as 5.5.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=JH |last2=Kang |first2=KH |last3=Park |first3=YH |date=2003 |title=''Psychrobacter jeotgali'' sp. nov., isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood |journal=Int J Syst Evol Micr |volume=53 |issue=2 |pp=449–54}}</ref>
''D. donghaensis'' lives in halophilic marine environments. The organism can grow as low as 4&nbsp;°C and as high as 35&nbsp;°C, although the optimum temperature for growth is 30&nbsp;°C. The optimal pH for growth is 7-8, although growth can be observed at a pH as low as 5.5.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=JH |last2=Kang |first2=KH |last3=Park |first3=YH |date=2003 |title=''Psychrobacter jeotgali'' sp. nov., isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood |journal=Int J Syst Evol Micr |volume=53 |issue=2 |pp=449–54 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.02242-0}}</ref>


== Biofilm formation ==
== Biofilm formation ==
''D. donghaensis'' is able to form biofilms in marine habitats, which is a survival strategy that allows the organism to grow while being protected from environmental stresses. Biofilm formation serves a purpose for marine bacteria in that it increases their resistance to antimicrobial agents, desiccation, and [[grazing]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fux |first1=CA |last2=Costerton |first2=JW |last3=Stewart |first3=PS |last4=Stoodley |first4=P |date=2005 |title=Survival strategies of infectious biofilms |journal=Trends Microbiol |volume=13 |issue=1 |pp=34–40}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mah |first1=TF |last2=O'Toole |first2=GA |date=2001 |title=Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents |journal=Trends Microbiol |volume=9 |pp=34–39}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Jefferson |first=KK |date=2004 |title=What drives bacteria to produce a biofilm? |journal=FEMS Microbiol Lett |volume=236 |pp=163–173}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matz |first1=C |last2=Kjelleberg |first2=S |date=2005 |title=Off the hook—how bacteria survive protozoan grazing |journal=Trends Microbiol |volume=13 |pp=302–307}}</ref> Biofilms allow the microbes to attach to surfaces by excreting [[extracellular polymeric substance]]s (EPS). Marine bacteria that adhere to surfaces form host-specific and spatially structured communities that are fairly stable.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pasmore |first1=M |last2=Costerton |first2=JW |date=2003 |title=Biofilms, bacterial signaling, and their ties to marine biology |journal=J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol |volume=30 |pp=407–413}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=MW |last2=Schupp |first2=PJ |last3=Dahllöf |first3=I |last4=Kjelleberg |first4=S |last5=Steinberg |first5=PD |date=2004 |title=Host specificity in marine sponge-associated bacteria, and potential implications for marine microbial diversity |journal=Environ Microbiol |volume=6 |pp=121–130}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhadury |first1=P |last2=Wright |first2=PC |date=2004 |title=Exploitation of marine algae: biogenic compounds for potential antifouling applications |journal=Planta |volume=219 |pp=561–578}}</ref>
''D. donghaensis'' is able to form biofilms in marine habitats, which is a survival strategy that allows the organism to grow while being protected from environmental stresses. Biofilm formation serves a purpose for marine bacteria in that it increases their resistance to antimicrobial agents, desiccation, and [[grazing]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fux |first1=CA |last2=Costerton |first2=JW |last3=Stewart |first3=PS |last4=Stoodley |first4=P |date=2005 |title=Survival strategies of infectious biofilms |journal=Trends Microbiol |volume=13 |issue=1 |pp=34–40 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mah |first1=TF |last2=O'Toole |first2=GA |date=2001 |title=Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents |journal=Trends Microbiol |volume=9 |pp=34–39 |doi=10.1016/s0966-842x(00)01913-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Jefferson |first=KK |date=2004 |title=What drives bacteria to produce a biofilm? |journal=FEMS Microbiol Lett |volume=236 |pp=163–173 |doi=10.1016/j.femsle.2004.06.005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matz |first1=C |last2=Kjelleberg |first2=S |date=2005 |title=Off the hook—how bacteria survive protozoan grazing |journal=Trends Microbiol |volume=13 |pp=302–307 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2005.05.009}}</ref> Biofilms allow the microbes to attach to surfaces by excreting [[extracellular polymeric substance]]s (EPS). Marine bacteria that adhere to surfaces form host-specific and spatially structured communities that are fairly stable.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pasmore |first1=M |last2=Costerton |first2=JW |date=2003 |title=Biofilms, bacterial signaling, and their ties to marine biology |journal=J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol |volume=30 |pp=407–413 |doi=10.1007/s10295-003-0069-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=MW |last2=Schupp |first2=PJ |last3=Dahllöf |first3=I |last4=Kjelleberg |first4=S |last5=Steinberg |first5=PD |date=2004 |title=Host specificity in marine sponge-associated bacteria, and potential implications for marine microbial diversity |journal=Environ Microbiol |volume=6 |pp=121–130 |doi=10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00545.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhadury |first1=P |last2=Wright |first2=PC |date=2004 |title=Exploitation of marine algae: biogenic compounds for potential antifouling applications |journal=Planta |volume=219 |pp=561–578 |doi=10.1007/s00425-004-1307-5}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 17:09, 6 October 2019

Dokdonia donghaensis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Bacteroidetes
Order:
Flavobacteriia[1]
Suborder:
Flavobacteriales[1]
Family:
Flavobacteriaceae[1]
Genus:
Dokdonia
Species:
D. donghaensis
Binomial name
Dokdonia donghaensis
Yoon et al. 2005[2]

Dokdonia donghaensis is a strictly aerobic, gram-negative, phototrophic bacterium that thrives in marine environments. The organism can grow at a broad range of temperatures on seawater media. It has the ability to form biofilms, which increases the organism’s resistance to antimicrobial agents, such as tetracycline.

Discovery and isolation

Dokdonia donghaensis was discovered and isolated from the East Sea in Korea from an island called Dokdo;[3] the date of isolation is not specified. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence of the organism revealed two closely related strains, DSW-1T and DSW-21. These strains are classified in Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) group, which are dominant genera in marine environments.[4][5] Winogradsky first described Cytophaga-like bacteria as unicellular, gliding, non-spore-formers, and Gram-negative rods, although the shape varies. Many Cytophaga-like bacterial colonies have pigment due to flexirubin-type pigments that are only found in these bacteria and flavobacteria. Cytophaga–Flavobacteria are chemoorganotrophs and are able to degrade biopolymers like chitin and cellulose.[6]

Morphology and genome

D. donghaensis is a gram-negative bacterium that is rod-shaped, nonmotile, and a non-spore-former. The bacteria are able to grow on seawater media with agar, in which the colonies appear circular, slightly convex, glistening, smooth, yellow, and 1–2 mm in diameter. The DSW-1T strain of D. donghaensis has about 3,923,666 base pairs in its genome.[7] The DNA G+C content for D. donghaensis is 38%.

Image of the phylogenetic tree can be viewed here.

Pathology

D. donghaensis has not been identified as a human pathogen.[citation needed]

Metabolism

D. donghaensis performs light-driven sodium ion transport. This light-driven proton pump is called a proteorhodopsin, which increases the organism’s survival rate because it can convert light into energy that the organism needs to grow.[8] Since the organism uses light for energy, it is a phototroph. D. donghaensis is able to secrete enzymes such as catalase and oxidase.[9] Since the organism is a strict aerobe, it used oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. The organism can grow on peptone and tryptone as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources. D. donghaensis cannot grow in the absence of NaCl or when it is greater than 7% (w/v); growth is optimal at 2% (w/v) NaCl. The organism is susceptible to the antibiotics tetracycline and carbenicillin,[10] although the organism's ability to form biofilms makes it difficult for antibiotics to penetrate the viscous layers.

Habitat

D. donghaensis lives in halophilic marine environments. The organism can grow as low as 4 °C and as high as 35 °C, although the optimum temperature for growth is 30 °C. The optimal pH for growth is 7-8, although growth can be observed at a pH as low as 5.5.[11]

Biofilm formation

D. donghaensis is able to form biofilms in marine habitats, which is a survival strategy that allows the organism to grow while being protected from environmental stresses. Biofilm formation serves a purpose for marine bacteria in that it increases their resistance to antimicrobial agents, desiccation, and grazing.[12][13][14][15] Biofilms allow the microbes to attach to surfaces by excreting extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Marine bacteria that adhere to surfaces form host-specific and spatially structured communities that are fairly stable.[16][17][18]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Dokdonia". www.uniprot.org.
  2. ^ Parte, A.C. "Dokdonia". www.bacterio.net.
  3. ^ Yoon, JH; Kang, SJ; Lee, CH; Oh, TK (2005). "Dokdonia donghaensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from sea water". Int J Syst Evol Micr. 55 (6): 2323–8. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63817-0.
  4. ^ Bowman, JP; McCammon, SA; Brown, MV; Nichols, DS; McMeekin, TA (1997). "Diversity and association of psychrophilic bacteria in Antarctic sea ice". Appl Environ Microbiol. 63: 3068–3078.
  5. ^ Glöckner, FO; Fuchs, BM; Amann, R (1999). "Bacterioplankton compositions of lakes and oceans: a first comparison based on fluorescence in situ hybridization". Appl Environ Microbiol. 65: 3721–3726.
  6. ^ Kirchman, DL (2002). "The ecology of Cytophaga-Flavobacteria in aquatic environments". FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 39: 91–100. doi:10.1016/s0168-6496(01)00206-9.
  7. ^ Kim, K; Kwon, SK; Yoon, JH; Kim, JF (2016). "Complete genome sequence of the proteorhodopsin-containing marine flavobacterium Dokdonia donghaensis DSW-1T, isolated from seawater off Dokdo in the East Sea (Sea of Korea)". Genome Announc. 4 (4): e00804-16. doi:10.1128/genomea.00804-16.
  8. ^ DeLong, EF; Beja, O (2010). "The light-driven proton pump proteorhodopsin enhances bacterial survival during tough times". PLoS Biol. 8 (4): e1000359. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000359.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Wang, Y; Zhou, C; Ming, H; Kang, J; Chen, H; Jing, C; Feng, H; Chang, Y; Guo, Z; Wang, L (2016). "Pseudofulvibacter marinus sp. nov., isolated from seawater". Int J Syst Evol Micr. 66 (3): 1301–5. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000879.
  10. ^ Burmølle, M; Webb, JS; Rao, D; Hansen, LH; Sørensen, SJ; Kjelleberg, S (2006). "Enhanced biofilm formation and increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and bacterial invasion are caused by synergistic interactions in multispecies biofilms". Appl Environ Microbiol. 72 (6): 3916–23. doi:10.1128/aem.03022-05.
  11. ^ Yoon, JH; Kang, KH; Park, YH (2003). "Psychrobacter jeotgali sp. nov., isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood". Int J Syst Evol Micr. 53 (2): 449–54. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02242-0.
  12. ^ Fux, CA; Costerton, JW; Stewart, PS; Stoodley, P (2005). "Survival strategies of infectious biofilms". Trends Microbiol. 13 (1): 34–40. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.010.
  13. ^ Mah, TF; O'Toole, GA (2001). "Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents". Trends Microbiol. 9: 34–39. doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(00)01913-2.
  14. ^ Jefferson, KK (2004). "What drives bacteria to produce a biofilm?". FEMS Microbiol Lett. 236: 163–173. doi:10.1016/j.femsle.2004.06.005.
  15. ^ Matz, C; Kjelleberg, S (2005). "Off the hook—how bacteria survive protozoan grazing". Trends Microbiol. 13: 302–307. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2005.05.009.
  16. ^ Pasmore, M; Costerton, JW (2003). "Biofilms, bacterial signaling, and their ties to marine biology". J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 30: 407–413. doi:10.1007/s10295-003-0069-6.
  17. ^ Taylor, MW; Schupp, PJ; Dahllöf, I; Kjelleberg, S; Steinberg, PD (2004). "Host specificity in marine sponge-associated bacteria, and potential implications for marine microbial diversity". Environ Microbiol. 6: 121–130. doi:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00545.x.
  18. ^ Bhadury, P; Wright, PC (2004). "Exploitation of marine algae: biogenic compounds for potential antifouling applications". Planta. 219: 561–578. doi:10.1007/s00425-004-1307-5.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dokdonia_donghaensis&oldid=919920095"