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[[File:Creation myths of Japan 4-eng.svg|thumb|200px|Toyouke-Ōmikami (r: 5th row from the top) is a granddaughter to [[Izanagi]] by her father Wakumusubi, who was born while [[Izanami]] was still alive (based on [[Kojiki]]).]]
[[File:Creation myths of Japan 4-eng.svg|thumb|200px|Toyouke-Ōmikami (r: 5th row from the top) is a granddaughter to [[Izanagi]] by her father Wakumusubi, who was born while [[Izanami]] was still alive (based on [[Kojiki]]).]]


While popular as Toyouke-Ōhmikami presently,<ref name="N">{{cite book|title=Nihon no kamigami no jiten : Shinto saishi to yaoyorozu no kamigami|author1=[[:ja:薗田稔|Sonoda, Minoru]]|author2=Mogi, Sakae|publisher=[[:ja:学研ホールディングス|Gakken]]|pages=68, 69|language=ja}}</ref> her name has been transcribed using Chinese characters in several manners including '''{{Nihongo|2=豊宇気毘売神|3=Toyouke bime no kami}}''' in "[[Kojiki]]",<ref name="N" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B1%8A%E5%AE%87%E6%B0%97%E6%AF%98%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E-585158 |script-title=ja:豊宇気毘売神(トヨウケビメノカミ)とは　|trans-title=About Toyoukebime no kami |last= Asahi Nihon Rekishi Jinbutsu jiten |website=kotobank|language=ja |access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref> while there is no entry about her in "[[Nihon Shoki]]". Literally, her name means kami of "Luxuriant-food Princess".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Sg_JBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT584&lpg=PT584&dq=Toyoukebimenokami&source=bl&ots=_o05Zk2GGM&sig=ACfU3U2UqnQpiZ1kvTEBfN3tlQuSt0YCPg&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiev7i1pKTmAhUSM94KHQj1CJEQ6AEwC3oECAkQBA#v=onepage&q=Toyoukebimenokami&f=false|title=Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan|last=Herbert|first=Jean|date=2010-10-18|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=978-1-136-90376-2|location=|pages=|language=en|chapter=X: Genesis of the Universe &mdash; The pre-material stages}}</ref>
While popular as Toyouke-Ōhmikami presently,{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}} her name has been transcribed using Chinese characters in several manners including '''{{Nihongo|2=豊宇気毘売神|3=Toyouke bime no kami}}''' in "[[Kojiki]]",{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B1%8A%E5%AE%87%E6%B0%97%E6%AF%98%E5%A3%B2%E7%A5%9E-585158 |script-title=ja:豊宇気毘売神(トヨウケビメノカミ)とは　|trans-title=About Toyoukebime no kami |last= Asahi Nihon Rekishi Jinbutsu jiten |website=kotobank|language=ja |access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref> while there is no entry about her in "[[Nihon Shoki]]". Literally, her name means kami of "Luxuriant-food Princess".{{sfn|Herbert|2010|page=}}


Several alternative transcription and names are attributed to this goddess including {{Nihongo|2=豊受気媛神|3=Toyoukebime no kami}},<ref name="Y">{{cite book|title=Yaoyorozu no kamigami : Nihon no shinreitachi no purofiru|author=Tobe, Tamio|author-link=:ja:戸部民夫|publisher=[[:ja:新紀元社|Shinkigensha]]|pages=91, 109-111|language=ja|trans-title=Eight million gods and godesses in Japan : their profiles as divine spirits in Japan}}</ref> {{Nihongo||登由宇気神|Toyuuke no kami}},<ref name="N" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%99%BB%E7%94%B1%E5%AE%87%E6%B0%97%E7%A5%9E-1095288|title=登由宇気神(とゆうけのかみ)とは {{!}}|last=Tokyo : Heibonsha Limited, Publishers.|first=|date=|website=kotobank|publisher=Asahi Shinbun|language=ja|script-title=ja:世界大百科事典 (第2版)|trans-title=About ''Toyuuke no kami'' {{!}} Sekai Daihyakkajiten (2nd ed.)|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> {{Nihongo||止与'''宇'''可乃売神|Toyo'''u'''ka no Menokami}},{{efn|name="U"|The letter "{{Nihongo|宇}}" in {{Nihongo|止与宇可乃売神}} is a simplified form of {{Nihongo|口偏}} + {{Nihongo|宇}}<ref name="N" />.}} {{Nihongo||等由気太神|Toyuke no Ōkami}},<ref name="N" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isejingu.or.jp/about/geku/shogu.html|title=正宮　豊受大神宮|last=|first=|date=|website=Grand Ise Shrine|publisher=Jingushicho|language=ja|script-title=ja:神宮について {{!}} 外宮（豊受大神宮）|trans-title=Divine palace, Toyo’ukedaijingu (Geku)|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> and {{Nihongo|2=とよひるめ|3=Toyohirume}}. God and goddess thought to be identical to Toyouke-Ōhmikami are a god {{Nihongo||[[:ja:大物忌神|ja]]|Ōmonoimi-no-kami}}{{efn|Ōmonoimi-no-kami is believed to be the god of [[Mount Chōkai]] in [[Yamagata prefecture]], or the northern most post of the land of [[Yamato period|Yamato]].}} and a goddess {{Nihongo|2=豊岡姫|3=Toyooka hime}}.<ref name="N" />{{efn|Dispute exists on whether that deity Toyooka hime is identical to {{Nihongo|2=屋船豊宇気姫命|3=Yafune Toyouke-hime-no-mikoto}}.}}
Several alternative transcription and names are attributed to this goddess including {{Nihongo|2=豊受気媛神|3=Toyoukebime no kami}},{{sfn|Tobe|1997|pages=91, 109-111}} {{Nihongo||登由宇気神|Toyuuke no kami}},{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%99%BB%E7%94%B1%E5%AE%87%E6%B0%97%E7%A5%9E-1095288|title=登由宇気神(とゆうけのかみ)とは {{!}}|last=Tokyo : Heibonsha Limited, Publishers.|first=|date=|website=kotobank|publisher=Asahi Shinbun|language=ja|script-title=ja:世界大百科事典 (第2版)|trans-title=About ''Toyuuke no kami'' {{!}} Sekai Daihyakkajiten (2nd ed.)|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> {{Nihongo||止与'''宇'''可乃売神|Toyo'''u'''ka no Menokami}},{{efn|name="U"|The letter "{{Nihongo|宇}}" in {{Nihongo|止与宇可乃売神}} is a simplified form of {{Nihongo|口偏}} + {{Nihongo|宇}}{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}.}} {{Nihongo||等由気太神|Toyuke no Ōkami}},{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}<ref name="Jingushicho">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isejingu.or.jp/about/geku/shogu.html|title=正宮　豊受大神宮|last=|first=|date=|website=Grand Ise Shrine|publisher=Jingushicho|language=ja|script-title=ja:神宮について {{!}} 外宮（豊受大神宮）|trans-title=Divine palace, Toyo’ukedaijingu (Geku)|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> and {{Nihongo|2=とよひるめ|3=Toyohirume}}. God and goddess thought to be identical to Toyouke-Ōhmikami are a god {{Nihongo||[[:ja:大物忌神|ja]]|Ōmonoimi-no-kami}}{{efn|Ōmonoimi-no-kami is believed to be the god of [[Mount Chōkai]] in [[Yamagata prefecture]], or the northern most post of the land of [[Yamato period|Yamato]].}} and a goddess {{Nihongo|2=豊岡姫|3=Toyooka hime}}.{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}{{efn|Dispute exists on whether that deity Toyooka hime is identical to {{Nihongo|2=屋船豊宇気姫命|3=Yafune Toyouke-hime-no-mikoto}}.}}


There is a separate shrine dedicated to Toyouke's [[Mitama#Ara-mitama and nigi-mitama|Ara-mitama]], or {{Nihongo|2=豊受大御神荒魂|3=Toyouke-Ōmikami no Ara-mitama}} called [[:ja:多賀宮|Takanomiya]] {{ja icon}} (Takamiya) inside Gekū.
There is a separate shrine dedicated to Toyouke's [[Mitama#Ara-mitama and nigi-mitama|Ara-mitama]], or {{Nihongo|2=豊受大御神荒魂|3=Toyouke-Ōmikami no Ara-mitama}} called [[:ja:多賀宮|Takanomiya]] {{ja icon}} (Takamiya) inside Gekū.
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== 神話での記述 ==
== 神話での記述 ==
『古事記』では[[:ja:伊邪那美命]]（いざなみ）から生まれた[[:ja:和久産巣日神]]（わくむすび）の子とし、[[天孫降臨]]の後、外宮の度相（わたらい）に鎮座したと記されている<ref name="N" />。神名の「ウケ」は食物のことで、食物・穀物を司る女神である<ref name="N" />。後に、他の食物神の[[:ja:大気都比売神]]（おほげつひめ）・[[:ja:保食神]]（うけもち）などと同様に、[[:ja:稲荷神]]（[[:ja:宇迦之御魂神]]）（うかのみたま）と習合し、同一視されるようになった<ref name="Y" />。
『古事記』では[[:ja:伊邪那美命]]（いざなみ）から生まれた[[:ja:和久産巣日神]]（わくむすび）の子とし、[[天孫降臨]]の後、外宮の度相（わたらい）に鎮座したと記されている{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}。神名の「ウケ」は食物のことで、食物・穀物を司る女神である{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}。後に、他の食物神の[[:ja:大気都比売神]]（おほげつひめ）・[[:ja:保食神]]（うけもち）などと同様に、[[:ja:稲荷神]]（[[:ja:宇迦之御魂神]]）（うかのみたま）と習合し、同一視されるようになった<ref name="Y" />。


伊勢神宮外宮の社伝（『止由気宮儀式帳』）では、[[:ja:]]の夢枕に[[:ja:天照大神]]が現れ、「自分一人では外宮に祀るようになったとされている<ref name="N" />。即ち、元々は丹波の神ということになる<ref name="Y" />。
伊勢神宮外宮の社伝（『止由気宮儀式帳』）では、[[:ja:]]の夢枕に[[:ja:天照大神]]が現れ、「自分一人では外宮に祀るようになったとされている{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}。即ち、元々は丹波の神ということになる<ref name="Y" />。


『[[:ja:丹後国風土記]]』逸文には、奈具社の縁起として次のような話が掲載されている<ref name="N" />。丹波郡比治里の比治山頂にある真奈井で天女8人が水浴をしていたが、うち1人が老夫婦に羽衣を隠されて天に帰れなくなり、しばらくその老夫婦の家に住み万病に効く酒を造って夫婦を富ましめたが、十余年後に家を追い出され、漂泊した末に奈具村に至りそこに鎮まった<ref>川口謙二『日本の神様読み解き事典』[[:ja:柏書房]]、1999年、174頁。</ref>。この天女が豊宇賀能売命（とようかのめ、トヨウケビメ）であるという<ref name="N" />。
『[[:ja:丹後国風土記]]』逸文には、奈具社の縁起として次のような話が掲載されている{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}。丹波郡比治里の比治山頂にある真奈井で天女8人が水浴をしていたが、うち1人が老夫婦に羽衣を隠されて天に帰れなくなり、しばらくその老夫婦の家に住み万病に効く酒を造って夫婦を富ましめたが、十余年後に家を追い出され、漂泊した末に奈具村に至りそこに鎮まった<ref>川口謙二『日本の神様読み解き事典』[[:ja:柏書房]]、1999年、174頁。</ref>。この天女が豊宇賀能売命（とようかのめ、トヨウケビメ）であるという{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}。


尚、『[[:ja:摂津国風土記]]』逸文に、 止与宇{{R|U|group="注"}}可乃売神は、一時的に[[:ja:摂津国]][[稲倉山]]（所在不明）に居たことがあったと記されている{{efn2|丹後国比治里に住むより以前に摂津にいて摂津稲倉山から丹後へきたというのは誤解であり、原文には丹後に『還』ったとある。}}<ref name="N" />。また、豊受大神の[[:ja:荒魂]]（あらみたま）を祀る宮を[[:ja:多賀宮]]（高宮）という（外宮境内社）。-->
尚、『[[:ja:摂津国風土記]]』逸文に、 止与宇{{R|U|group="注"}}可乃売神は、一時的に[[:ja:摂津国]][[稲倉山]]（所在不明）に居たことがあったと記されている{{efn2|丹後国比治里に住むより以前に摂津にいて摂津稲倉山から丹後へきたというのは誤解であり、原文には丹後に『還』ったとある。}}{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}。また、豊受大神の[[:ja:荒魂]]（あらみたま）を祀る宮を[[:ja:多賀宮]]（高宮）という（外宮境内社）。-->


== Mythology ==
== Mythology ==


In [[Kojiki]], Toyouke-Ōmikami is described as the granddaughter to [[Izanami]] via her father [[:ja:和久産巣日神|Wakumusubi]] {{ja icon}}, and Toyouke was said to settle to Gekū, Ise Shrine at {{Nihongo|2=度相|3=Watarai}} after [[Tenson kōrin]] when the heavenly deities came down to the earth.<ref name = "N" /> In her name Toyouke, “uke” means food, or being the goddess of food and grain,<ref name = "N" /> which is said to be the basis that other [[kami]] were equated and merged into Toyouke as the deity of foodstuff: [[Uke Mochi]] (Ōgetsu-hime), [[Inari Ōkami]], and [[Ukanomitama]].<ref name="Y" />
In [[Kojiki]], Toyouke-Ōmikami is described as the granddaughter to [[Izanami]] via her father [[:ja:和久産巣日神|Wakumusubi]] {{ja icon}}, and Toyouke was said to settle to Gekū, Ise Shrine at {{Nihongo|2=度相|3=Watarai}} after [[Tenson kōrin]] when the heavenly deities came down to the earth.{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}} In her name Toyouke, “uke” means food, or being the goddess of food and grain,{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}} which is said to be the basis that other [[kami]] were equated and merged into Toyouke as the deity of foodstuff: [[Uke Mochi]] (Ōgetsu-hime), [[Inari Ōkami]], and [[Ukanomitama]].{{sfn|Tobe|1997|pages=91, 109-111}}


The head priest of Toyouke Daijingū submitted "{{Nihongo|2=止由気宮儀式帳|3=Toyukegū gishikicho|1=Toyuke Shrine Book of Rituals}}", or the record of the Ise Grand Shrine to the government in 804,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isejingu.or.jp/about/geku/shogu.html|trans-title=About the Ise Grand Shrine|script-title=ja:正宮｜外宮（豊受大神宮）｜神宮について |website=Ise Grand Shrine |language=ja |access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref><!-- 止由気宮儀式帳 (とゆけぐうぎしきちょう) 延暦23年（804）豊受大神宮禰宜が神祇官に提出した上申文書。祭儀、鎮座の由来などについて記した重要な神宮資料です。[https://www.isejingu.or.jp/about/geku/shogu.html ] --> in which it is told that goddess Toyouke originally had come from Tamba.<ref name = "Y" /> It records that Emperor Yūryaku was told by [[Amaterasu]] in his dream that she alone was not able to supply enough food, so that Yūryaku needed to bring {{Nihongo|2=等由気大神|3=Toyuke-no-Ōkami}}, or the goddess of divine meals, from Hijino Manai in ancient [[Tanba Province]].<Ref name = "N" />
The head priest of Toyouke Daijingū submitted "{{Nihongo|2=止由気宮儀式帳|3=Toyukegū gishikichō|1=Toyuke Shrine Book of Rituals}}", or the record of the Ise Grand Shrine to the government in 804,<ref name="Jingushicho"/><!-- 止由気宮儀式帳 (とゆけぐうぎしきちょう) 延暦23年（804）豊受大神宮禰宜が神祇官に提出した上申文書。祭儀、鎮座の由来などについて記した重要な神宮資料です。[https://www.isejingu.or.jp/about/geku/shogu.html ] --> in which it is told that goddess Toyouke originally had come from Tamba.{{sfn|Tobe|1997|pages=91, 109-111}} It records that Emperor Yūryaku was told by [[Amaterasu]] in his dream that she alone was not able to supply enough food, so that Yūryaku needed to bring {{Nihongo|2=等由気大神|3=Toyuke-no-Ōkami}}, or the goddess of divine meals, from Hijino Manai in ancient [[Tanba Province]].{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}


Stories among various [[Fudoki]] indicate the origin of Toyouke: In that of Tango "[[:ja:丹後国風土記|Tango no kuni fudoki]]" {{ja icon}}, {{Nihongo|2=豊宇賀能売命|3=Toyouke-bime-no-kami|1=Toyouke-bime}}<ref name="N" /> had been bathing with other seven deities at Manai spring on the hilltop of Hiji in Tamba province, when an old couple hid Toyouke's heavenly robe so that she was not able to return to the heavenly world.<ref name="N" /> Toyouke tended over ten years to that old couple and brew sake which cured any ailment, but expelled from the household and wandered to reach and settle at Nagu village as a local deity.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kawaguchi, Kenji|title= {{Nihongo|2=日本の神様読み解き事典|3=Nihon no kamisama yomitoki-jiten}}|publisher=[[:ja:柏書房|Kashiwa shobo]]|year=1999|page=174}}</ref> The anecdote in the Fudoki of [[Settsu Province]] "[[:ja:摂津国風土記|Settsu-no-kuni fudoki]]" {{ja icon}} mentions that {{Nihongo|2=止与宇可乃売神|3=Toyouke no megami}}{{efn|name="U"}} had lived in Tango.{{Efn|It was misunderstood that Toyouke was at Settsu Province <u>before</u> relocating to Hijiri in Tango, but the original text reads that Toyouke “{{Nihongo|1=returned|2=還}}” to Tango.<ref name = "N" />|name=|group=}}
Stories among various [[Fudoki]] indicate the origin of Toyouke: In that of Tango, or "[[:ja:丹後国風土記|Tango no kuni fudoki]]" {{ja icon}}, {{Nihongo|2=豊宇賀能売命|3=Toyouke-bime-no-kami|1=Toyouke-bime}}{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}} had been bathing with other seven deities at Manai spring on the hilltop of Hiji in Tamba province, when an old couple hid Toyouke's heavenly robe so that she was not able to return to the heavenly world.{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}} Toyouke tended over ten years to that old couple and brew sake which cured any ailment, but was expelled from the household and wandered to reach and settle at Nagu village as a local deity.{{sfn|Kawaguchi|1999|page=174}} The anecdote in the Fudoki of [[Settsu Province]] "[[:ja:摂津国風土記|Settsu-no-kuni fudoki]]" {{ja icon}} mentions that {{Nihongo|2=止与宇可乃売神|3=Toyouke no megami}}{{efn|name="U"}} had lived in Tango.{{Efn|It was misunderstood that Toyouke was at Settsu Province <u>before</u> relocating to Hijiri in Tango, but the original text reads that Toyouke “{{Nihongo|1=returned|2=還}}” to Tango.{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}}}
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== 信仰・祭祀 ==
== 信仰・祭祀 ==
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付近の久次嶽中腹には大神の杜があり、天の真名井の跡とされる穂井の段（ほいのだん）がある。また、神社の縁起は、大饗石（おおみあえいし）と呼ばれる直方体のイワクラであると言われている。
付近の久次嶽中腹には大神の杜があり、天の真名井の跡とされる穂井の段（ほいのだん）がある。また、神社の縁起は、大饗石（おおみあえいし）と呼ばれる直方体のイワクラであると言われている。


[[:ja:福知山市]][[大江町 (京都府)|大江町]]には元伊勢[[:ja:豊受大神社]]がある<ref name="N" />。元伊勢内宮より南方の船岡山に鎮座する社で、藤原氏の流れである河田氏が神職を代々継承している。[[:ja:崇神天皇]]の御世、[[:ja:豊鍬入姫命]]（とよすきいりひめ）が天照大神の御杖代として各地を回るときに、最初の遷座地が丹後であった。その比定地はいくつか存する。
[[:ja:福知山市]][[大江町 (京都府)|大江町]]には元伊勢[[:ja:豊受大神社]]がある{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}。元伊勢内宮より南方の船岡山に鎮座する社で、藤原氏の流れである河田氏が神職を代々継承している。[[:ja:崇神天皇]]の御世、[[:ja:豊鍬入姫命]]（とよすきいりひめ）が天照大神の御杖代として各地を回るときに、最初の遷座地が丹後であった。その比定地はいくつか存する。


伊勢神宮外宮（[[:ja:三重県]][[伊勢市]]）<ref name="N" />、奈具社（[[:ja:京都府]]京丹後市）<ref name="N" />、[[:ja:籠神社]]（京都府[[:ja:宮津市]]）奥宮天真奈井神社<ref name="N" />、[[:ja:比沼麻奈為神社]]（京都府[[:ja:京丹後市]]）で主祭神とされているほか、[[:ja:神明神社]]の多くや<ref name="Y" />、多くの神社の境内社で天照大神とともに祀られている。また、トヨウケビメを祀っている[[:ja:稲荷神社]]もある<ref name="Y" />。
伊勢神宮外宮（[[:ja:三重県]][[伊勢市]]）{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}、奈具社（[[:ja:京都府]]京丹後市）{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}、[[:ja:籠神社]]（京都府[[:ja:宮津市]]）奥宮天真奈井神社{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}、[[:ja:比沼麻奈為神社]]（京都府[[:ja:京丹後市]]）で主祭神とされているほか、[[:ja:神明神社]]の多くや<ref name="Y" />、多くの神社の境内社で天照大神とともに祀られている。また、トヨウケビメを祀っている[[:ja:稲荷神社]]もある<ref name="Y" />。


外宮の神職である[[:ja:度会家行]]が起こした[[:ja:伊勢神道]]（度会神道）では、豊受大神は[[:ja:天之御中主神]]・[[:ja:国之常立神|国常立神]]と同神であって、この世に最初に現れた始源神であり、豊受大神を祀る外宮は内宮よりも立場が上であるとしている。-->
外宮の神職である[[:ja:度会家行]]が起こした[[:ja:伊勢神道]]（度会神道）では、豊受大神は[[:ja:天之御中主神]]・[[:ja:国之常立神|国常立神]]と同神であって、この世に最初に現れた始源神であり、豊受大神を祀る外宮は内宮よりも立場が上であるとしている。-->
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== Faith and rituals ==
== Faith and rituals ==
=== The original location ===
=== The original location ===
In Mineyama Town, [[Kyōtango]], there is a well {{Nihongo|2=清水戸|3=Seisuido}} and a story of the half-moon-shaped rice paddy {{Nihongo|2=月の輪田|3=Tsukinowa den}}. They are believed to be the site where Toyouke had soaked rice seeds to encourage germination and planted the first rice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sankei.com/west/news/141021/wst1410210035-n1.html|title=Inasaku hasshō no chi "Tsukinowa den" de inekari-shiki &mdash; Kyōtango|last=Sankei Digital Inc.|first=|date=|website=Sankei WEST|language=ja|script-title=ja:稲作発祥の地「月の輪田」で稲刈り式 京丹後|trans-title=The Moon paddy sees rice harvesting ceremony to be resumed &mdash; Kyotango|publication-date=2014-10-21|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> The {{Nihongo|2=[[:ja:比沼麻奈為神社|比沼麻奈為神社]]|1=Hinumanai Shrine}} is mentioned in [[Engishiki]] dating back to [[Heian period]], as {{Nihongo||2=田庭|3=Taniwa}} literally meaning ''the Garden of Rice Paddies''. That ancient place name is thought to have changed overtime to Taba, then to {{Nihongo|2=丹波|3=Tamba/Tanba}}.
In Mineyama Town, [[Kyōtango]], Kyoto prefecture, there is a well {{Nihongo|2=清水戸|3=Seisuido}} and a story of the now lost half-moon-shaped rice paddy {{Nihongo|2=月の輪田|3=Tsukinowa den}}. They are believed to be the site where Toyouke had soaked rice seeds to encourage germination and planted the first rice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sankei.com/west/news/141021/wst1410210035-n1.html|title=Inasaku hasshō no chi "Tsukinowa den" de inekari-shiki &mdash; Kyōtango|last=Sankei Digital Inc.|first=|date=|website=Sankei WEST|language=ja|script-title=ja:稲作発祥の地「月の輪田」で稲刈り式 京丹後|trans-title=The Moon paddy sees rice harvesting ceremony to be resumed &mdash; ōō|publication-date=2014-10-21|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> The {{Nihongo|2=[[:ja:比沼麻奈為神社|比沼麻奈為神社]]|1=Hinumanai Shrine}} is mentioned in [[Engishiki]] dating back to [[Heian period]], as {{Nihongo||2=田庭|3=Taniwa}} literally meaning ''the Garden of Rice Paddies''. That ancient place name is thought to have changed overtime to Taba (location of rice paddies), then to {{Nihongo|2=丹波|3=Tamba/Tanba}}.


On the slope of the Kuji Pass, there is a shrine dedicated to Ōkami, as well as ''Hoi no dan'', the sacred well ''Ame no manai'' of [[Takamagahara]]: Ame no manai which was entered both in ''Kojiki'' and ''[[Nihonshoki]]'', and also given as the highest title to water bodies. The shrine's auspicious spirit is said to be in the {{Nihongo|1=cuboid|2=盤座|3=[[:d:Q11587880|Iwakura]]}}, which has been worshiped as {{Nihongo|2=大饗石|3=Ōmiae-ishi}}.
On the slope of the Kuji Pass, there is a shrine dedicated to Ōkami, as well as ''Hoi no dan'', the ruin of a sacred well ''Ame no manai'' of [[Takamagahara]]: That well was entered both in ''Kojiki'' and ''[[Nihonshoki]]'', and was also the highest title given to water bodies. The shrine's auspicious spirit is said to be in the {{Nihongo|1=cuboid|2=盤座|3=[[:d:Q11587880|Iwakura]]}}, which has been worshiped as {{Nihongo|2=大饗石|3=Ōmiae-ishi}}.


There is a shrine named '''Moto-Ise [[:ja:豊受大神社|Toyouke daijinja Shrine]]''' in Ōemachi, [[Fukuchiyama, Kyoto|Fukuchiyama City]]<ref name = "N" /> to the south of Naiku of Moto-Ise uphill the Funaokayama. Its name literally means ''former Ise'', where the priesthood has been inherited by Kawada clan, the further relative of the [[Fujiwara clan]].
There is a shrine named '''Moto-Ise [[:ja:豊受大神社|Toyouke daijinja Shrine]]''' in Ōemachi, [[Fukuchiyama, Kyoto|Fukuchiyama City]]{{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}} to the south of Naiku of Moto-Ise uphill the Funaokayama. Its name literally means ''former Ise'', where the priesthood has been inherited by Kawada clan, the further relative of the [[Fujiwara clan]].


=== Amaterasu and Toyouke ===
=== Amaterasu and Toyouke ===
[[Emperor Sujin]] appointed imperial daughter {{Nihongo|2=豊鍬入姫命|3=Toyosuki-iri hime}} as a [[Saiō]] to serve ”as a cane for Amaterasu”, and dispatched her to travel from present day [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]] to neighboring areas. It is said that on the route, several locations hosted Amaterasu by building her shrines, while Tango had the first of such shrines among the list of [[:ja:遷宮|relocation]] sites {{ja icon}}. Those shrines honor Amaterasu as their main kami at:
[[Emperor Sujin]] appointed imperial daughter {{Nihongo|1=Princess Toyosuki-iri|2=豊鍬入姫命|3=Toyosuki-iri hime}} as a [[Saiō]] to serve ”as a cane for Amaterasu” to find a new location to reside, and dispatched Toyosuki-iri to travel from present day [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]] to neighboring areas. It is said that on the route, several locations hosted the spirit of Amaterasu by building her shrines, while Tango had the first of such shrines among the list of [[:ja:遷宮|relocation]] sites {{ja icon}}. Those shrines honor Amaterasu as their main kami are:
*Geku, Ise Jingu ([[Ise]], [[Mie Prefecture]])<ref name = "N" />,
*Geku, Ise Jingu ([[Ise, Mie|Ise]], [[Mie Prefecture]]){{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}},
*Nagusha (Kyotango, Kyoto prefecture)<ref name = " N "/>,
*Nagusha (Kyōtango, Kyoto prefecture){{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}},
*Okumiya Ama no manai Shrine, [[:ja:籠神社|Kono jinja]] {{ja icon}} ([Miyazu, Kyoto]] prefecture)<ref name =" N "/>, and
*Okumiya Ama no manai Shrine, [[:ja:籠神社|Kono jinja]] {{ja icon}} ([[Miyazu, Kyoto]] prefecture){{sfn|Sonoda and Mogi|1997|pages=68, 69}}, and
*[[:ja:比沼麻奈為神社|Hinuma Manai Shrines]] {{ja icon}} (Kyotango).
*[[:ja:比沼麻奈為神社|Hinuma Manai Shrine]] {{ja icon}} (Kyōtango).


In addition, Toyouke-Ōmikami is worshiped at many branches of Ise shrines called [[:d:Q11590310|Shimmei shrines]], along with Amaterasu<ref name="Y" />, and separate shrines are often built on the property of regular shrines for Toyouke-Ōmikami. There are also shrines for [[Inari Ōmikami|Inari]] where they build alters for Toyouke as well.<ref name="Y" />
In addition, Toyouke-Ōmikami is worshiped at many branches of Ise shrines called [[:d:Q11590310|Shimmei shrines]], along with Amaterasu,{{sfn|Tobe|1997|pages=91, 109-111}} and separate shrines are often built on the property of regular shrines for Toyouke-Ōmikami. There are also [[Inari Ōkami|Inari]] shrines where they build alters for Toyouke as well.{{sfn|Tobe|1997|pages=91, 109-111}}

⚫
According to the decipline of [[:d:Q4205212|Ise Shintō]] (Waitarai Shintō) originated by a priest at Geku named [[:d:Q11486121|Watarai Ieyuki]], Toyouke-Ōmikami is recognized as the first devine being which appeared in this world. In their idea, Toyouke is also identical to [[Amenominakanushi|Ame no minakanushi]] and [[Kuninotokotachi|Kuni no tokotachi]]. Geku, or the shrine of Toyouke-Ōmikami, is treated as ranked higher than Naiku, or the shrine of Amaterasu.


⚫
According to the decipline of [[:d:Q4205212|Ise Shintō]] (Watarai Shintō) originated by a priest at Geku named {{Nihongo|2=度会家行|1=[[:d:Q11486121|Watarai Ieyuki]]}}, Toyouke-Ōmikami is recognized as the first devine being which appeared in this world. In their idea, Toyouke is also identical to [[Amenominakanushi|Ame no minakanushi]] and [[Kuninotokotachi|Kuni no tokotachi]]. In this sect of shintoism, Geku, or the shrine of Toyouke-Ōmikami, is treated as ranked higher than Naiku, or the shrine of Amaterasu.{{sfn|Anzu|1972|pages=67-96}}
<!--
<!--
== 脚注 ==
== 脚注 ==
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</nowiki>
</nowiki>
-->
-->

== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[List of Japanese deities]]
* [[List of Japanese deities]]
* [[Honji suijaku]]
* [[Honji suijaku]]
== Sources ==

* {{Cite journal|last=Anzu |first= Motohiko|title= {{Nihongo|1=Shinto Theory of the Outer Shrine, the Five Canonical Books of Shinto from (Watarai) Ieyuki to (Kitabatake) Chikafusa)|2=外宮神道論--神道五部書から家行と親房とへ|3=Geku Shintoron, Shinto Gobusho kara Ieyuki to Chikafusa e}}|journal={{Nihongo|2=神道宗教|3=Shinto Shukyo}}|location= Tokyo|number=65/66|date= January 1972|ref=harv|pages=67-96| ISSN=0387-3331}} Originally published in 1954.
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Sg_JBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT584&lpg=PT584&dq=Toyoukebimenokami&source=bl&ots=_o05Zk2GGM&sig=ACfU3U2UqnQpiZ1kvTEBfN3tlQuSt0YCPg&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiev7i1pKTmAhUSM94KHQj1CJEQ6AEwC3oECAkQBA#v=onepage&q=Toyoukebimenokami&f=false|title=Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan|last=Herbert|first=Jean|date=2010-10-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-90376-2|location=London |language=en|chapter=X: Genesis of the Universe &mdash; The pre-material stages|ref=harv|pages=}}
*{{cite book|last=Kawaguchi|first= Kenji|title= {{Nihongo|2=日本の神様読み解き事典|3=Nihon no kamisama yomitoki-jiten}}|publisher=[[:ja:柏書房|Kashiwa shobo]]|ref=harv|year=1999|page=174|oclc=43395896|language=ja}}{{isbn|1=4760118241|2=9784760118243}}
*{{cite book|title=Nihon no kamigami no jiten : Shinto saishi to yaoyorozu no kamigami|author1=[[:ja:薗田稔|Sonoda, Minoru]]|author2=Mogi, Sakae|publisher=[[:ja:学研ホールディングス|Gakken]]|series= Books esoterica, 2.; New sight mook|language=ja|ref={{sfnref|Sonoda and Mogi|1997}}|pages=68, 69|year=1997|oclc=42978057}}{{|isbn|1=4056016291|2=9784056016291}}
*{{cite book|title=Yaoyorozu no kamigami : Nihon no shinreitachi no purofiru|last=Tobe|first= Tamio|author-link=:ja:戸部民夫|location=|publisher=[[:ja:新紀元社|Shinkigensha]]|series=Truth in fantasy (Tokyo, Japan), 31|ref=harv|year=1997|pages=91, 109-111|language=ja|trans-title=Eight million gods and godesses in Japan : their profiles as divine spirits in Japan}}
== Footnotes ==
== Footnotes ==
=== Notes ===
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}
{{Notelist}}
<references group="lower-alpha" />
<!--<references group="lower-alpha" />-->
===References===
===References===
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
== Further readings ==
== Further readings ==

⚫
*Kohori, Kunio; Hibi, Sadao.(1996) "{{Nihongo|2=伊勢神宮|1=Ise Shrine}}", Karabukkusu, 890, Tokyo : Hoikusha. {{ISBN|978-4-586-50890-7}}, OCLC 674695461.
* Anzu, Motohiko. “{{Nihongo|2=外宮神道教学の展開|3=Geku shinto kyogaku no tenkai}}” {{ja icon}}. pp.1&ndash;18, ''{{Nihongo|2=神道学|3=Shintogaku}}''. (79). [[Taisha, Shimane]] : Shinto gakkai (ed.), November 1973, {{DOI|10.11501/2263701}}, {{ISSN|0583-0680}}.
⚫
*Kohori, Kunio.(2011) "{{Nihongo|3=Ise jingū no kokoro &mdash; shikinen sengū no imi|2=伊勢神宮のこころ、式年遷宮の意味}}". Kyoto : Tankōsha. {{ISBN|9784473036957}} 4473036952, OCLC 744282296.
* “Inner shrine, Ise, early 1st cent. (rebuilt 1993)”. [[Winnipeg]] : [[University of Manitoba]], 2003. Series: UML Slide Survey set. {{OCLC|184769295}}. 1 black and white slide.
⚫
* [[:d:Q11459526|Kohori, Kunio]]; Hibi, Sadao. (1996) “{{Nihongo|2=伊勢神宮|1=Ise Shrine}}”. Karābukkusu, 890, Tokyo : Hoikusha. {{ISBN|978-4-586-50890-7}}, {{OCLC|674695461}}.
⚫
* Kohori, Kunio.(2011) “{{Nihongo|3=Ise jingū no kokoro &mdash; shikinen sengū no imi|2=伊勢神宮のこころ、式年遷宮の意味}}”. Kyoto : Tankōsha. {{ISBN|1=9784473036957|2=4473036952}}, {{OCLC|744282296}}.
* [[Stuart D. B. Picken|Picken, Stuart D. B.]] “Faith-Based Schools in Japan: Paradoxes and Pointers”. Chapman, Judith D.; ''International Handbook of Learning, Teaching and Leading in Faith-Based Schools''; 515-531; Springer Netherlands : Dordrecht. {{DOI|10.1007/978-94-017-8972-1_30}}, {{ISBN|1=978-94-017-8971-4|2=978-94-017-8972-1}}, {{OCLC|7327103281}}.


{{DEFAULTSORT:Toyouke-Omikami}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Toyouke-Omikami}}

Revision as of 17:46, 9 December 2019

Toyouke-Ōmikami is the goddess of agriculture and industry in the Shinto religion. Originally enshrined in the Tanba region[a] of Japan, she was called to reside at Gekū, Ise Shrine, about 1,500 years ago at the age of Emperor Yūryaku to offer sacred food to Amaterasu Ōmikami, the Sun Goddess.[1]

Toyouke-Ōmikami (r: 5th row from the top) is a granddaughter to Izanagi by her father Wakumusubi, who was born while Izanami was still alive (based on Kojiki).

While popular as Toyouke-Ōhmikami presently,[2] her name has been transcribed using Chinese characters in several manners including Toyouke bime no kami (豊宇気毘売神) in "Kojiki",[2][3] while there is no entry about her in "Nihon Shoki". Literally, her name means kami of "Luxuriant-food Princess".[4]

Several alternative transcription and names are attributed to this goddess including Toyoukebime no kami (豊受気媛神),[5] Toyuuke no kami (登由宇気神),[2][6] Toyouka no Menokami (止与宇可乃売神),[b] Toyuke no Ōkami (等由気太神),[2][7] and Toyohirume (とよひるめ). God and goddess thought to be identical to Toyouke-Ōhmikami are a god Ōmonoimi-no-kami (ja)[c] and a goddess Toyooka hime (豊岡姫).[2][d]

There is a separate shrine dedicated to Toyouke's Ara-mitama, or Toyouke-Ōmikami no Ara-mitama (豊受大御神荒魂) called Takanomiya Template:Ja icon (Takamiya) inside Gekū.

Mythology

In Kojiki, Toyouke-Ōmikami is described as the granddaughter to Izanami via her father Wakumusubi Template:Ja icon, and Toyouke was said to settle to Gekū, Ise Shrine at Watarai (度相) after Tenson kōrin when the heavenly deities came down to the earth.[2] In her name Toyouke, “uke” means food, or being the goddess of food and grain,[2] which is said to be the basis that other kami were equated and merged into Toyouke as the deity of foodstuff: Uke Mochi (Ōgetsu-hime), Inari Ōkami, and Ukanomitama.[5]

The head priest of Toyouke Daijingū submitted "Toyuke Shrine Book of Rituals (止由気宮儀式帳, Toyukegū gishikichō)", or the record of the Ise Grand Shrine to the government in 804,[7] in which it is told that goddess Toyouke originally had come from Tamba.[5] It records that Emperor Yūryaku was told by Amaterasu in his dream that she alone was not able to supply enough food, so that Yūryaku needed to bring Toyuke-no-Ōkami (等由気大神), or the goddess of divine meals, from Hijino Manai in ancient Tanba Province.[2]

Stories among various Fudoki indicate the origin of Toyouke: In that of Tango, or "Tango no kuni fudoki" Template:Ja icon, Toyouke-bime (豊宇賀能売命, Toyouke-bime-no-kami)[2] had been bathing with other seven deities at Manai spring on the hilltop of Hiji in Tamba province, when an old couple hid Toyouke's heavenly robe so that she was not able to return to the heavenly world.[2] Toyouke tended over ten years to that old couple and brew sake which cured any ailment, but was expelled from the household and wandered to reach and settle at Nagu village as a local deity.[8] The anecdote in the Fudoki of Settsu Province "Settsu-no-kuni fudoki" Template:Ja icon mentions that Toyouke no megami (止与宇可乃売神)[b] had lived in Tango.[e]

Faith and rituals

The original location

In Mineyama Town, Kyōtango, Kyoto prefecture, there is a well Seisuido (清水戸) and a story of the now lost half-moon-shaped rice paddy Tsukinowa den (月の輪田). They are believed to be the site where Toyouke had soaked rice seeds to encourage germination and planted the first rice.[9] The Hinumanai Shrine (比沼麻奈為神社) is mentioned in Engishiki dating back to Heian period, as Taniwa (田庭) literally meaning the Garden of Rice Paddies. That ancient place name is thought to have changed overtime to Taba (location of rice paddies), then to Tamba/Tanba (丹波).

On the slope of the Kuji Pass, there is a shrine dedicated to Ōkami, as well as Hoi no dan, the ruin of a sacred well Ame no manai of Takamagahara: That well was entered both in Kojiki and Nihonshoki, and was also the highest title given to water bodies. The shrine's auspicious spirit is said to be in the cuboid (盤座, Iwakura), which has been worshiped as Ōmiae-ishi (大饗石).

There is a shrine named Moto-Ise Toyouke daijinja Shrine in Ōemachi, Fukuchiyama City[2] to the south of Naiku of Moto-Ise uphill the Funaokayama. Its name literally means former Ise, where the priesthood has been inherited by Kawada clan, the further relative of the Fujiwara clan.

Amaterasu and Toyouke

Emperor Sujin appointed imperial daughter Princess Toyosuki-iri (豊鍬入姫命, Toyosuki-iri hime) as a Saiō to serve ”as a cane for Amaterasu” to find a new location to reside, and dispatched Toyosuki-iri to travel from present day Nara to neighboring areas. It is said that on the route, several locations hosted the spirit of Amaterasu by building her shrines, while Tango had the first of such shrines among the list of relocation sites Template:Ja icon. Those shrines honor Amaterasu as their main kami are:

In addition, Toyouke-Ōmikami is worshiped at many branches of Ise shrines called Shimmei shrines, along with Amaterasu,[5] and separate shrines are often built on the property of regular shrines for Toyouke-Ōmikami. There are also Inari shrines where they build alters for Toyouke as well.[5]

According to the decipline of Ise Shintō (Watarai Shintō) originated by a priest at Geku named Watarai Ieyuki (度会家行), Toyouke-Ōmikami is recognized as the first devine being which appeared in this world. In their idea, Toyouke is also identical to Ame no minakanushi and Kuni no tokotachi. In this sect of shintoism, Geku, or the shrine of Toyouke-Ōmikami, is treated as ranked higher than Naiku, or the shrine of Amaterasu.[10]

See also

Sources

  • Anzu, Motohiko (January 1972). "Shinto Theory of the Outer Shrine, the Five Canonical Books of Shinto from (Watarai) Ieyuki to (Kitabatake) Chikafusa) (外宮神道論--神道五部書から家行と親房とへ, Geku Shintoron, Shinto Gobusho kara Ieyuki to Chikafusa e)". Shinto Shukyo (神道宗教) (65/66). Tokyo: 67–96. ISSN 0387-3331. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) Originally published in 1954.
  • Herbert, Jean (2010-10-18). "X: Genesis of the Universe — The pre-material stages". Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Kawaguchi, Kenji (1999). Nihon no kamisama yomitoki-jiten (日本の神様読み解き事典) (in Japanese). Kashiwa shobo. p. 174. OCLC 43395896. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)ISBN 4760118241, 9784760118243
  • Sonoda, Minoru [in Japanese]; Mogi, Sakae (1997). Nihon no kamigami no jiten : Shinto saishi to yaoyorozu no kamigami. Books esoterica, 2.; New sight mook (in Japanese). Gakken. pp. 68, 69. OCLC 42978057.{{|isbn|1=4056016291|2=9784056016291}}
  • Tobe, Tamio [in Japanese] (1997). Yaoyorozu no kamigami : Nihon no shinreitachi no purofiru [Eight million gods and godesses in Japan : their profiles as divine spirits in Japan]. Truth in fantasy (Tokyo, Japan), 31 (in Japanese). Shinkigensha. pp. 91, 109–111. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Footnotes

Notes

  1. ^ Also considered Tango region that was included Tanba region before separation in Nara period, where Kono Shrine is enshrined.
  2. ^ a b The letter "error: error: {{nihongo}}: Japanese or romaji text required (help): Japanese or romaji text required (help)" in error: error: {{nihongo}}: Japanese or romaji text required (help): Japanese or romaji text required (help) is a simplified form of error: error: {{nihongo}}: Japanese or romaji text required (help): Japanese or romaji text required (help) + error: error: {{nihongo}}: Japanese or romaji text required (help): Japanese or romaji text required (help)[2].
  3. ^ Ōmonoimi-no-kami is believed to be the god of Mount Chōkai in Yamagata prefecture, or the northern most post of the land of Yamato.
  4. ^ Dispute exists on whether that deity Toyooka hime is identical to Yafune Toyouke-hime-no-mikoto (屋船豊宇気姫命).
  5. ^ It was misunderstood that Toyouke was at Settsu Province before relocating to Hijiri in Tango, but the original text reads that Toyouke “returned (還)” to Tango.[2]

References

  1. ^ Jingushicho. Ise Shrine official homepage: Toyo’ukedaijingu (Geku) http://www.isejingu.or.jp/foreign/about/index.html
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Sonoda and Mogi 1997, pp. 68, 69.
  3. ^ Asahi Nihon Rekishi Jinbutsu jiten. 豊宇気毘売神(トヨウケビメノカミ)とは [About Toyoukebime no kami]. kotobank (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-12-07.
  4. ^ Herbert 2010.
  5. ^ a b c d e Tobe 1997, pp. 91, 109–111.
  6. ^ Tokyo : Heibonsha Limited, Publishers. "登由宇気神(とゆうけのかみ)とは |" 世界大百科事典 (第2版) [About Toyuuke no kami | Sekai Daihyakkajiten (2nd ed.)]. kotobank (in Japanese). Asahi Shinbun. Retrieved 2019-12-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ a b "正宮　豊受大神宮" 神宮について | 外宮（豊受大神宮） [Divine palace, Toyo’ukedaijingu (Geku)]. Grand Ise Shrine (in Japanese). Jingushicho. Retrieved 2019-12-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ Kawaguchi 1999, p. 174.
  9. ^ Sankei Digital Inc. (2014-10-21). "Inasaku hasshō no chi "Tsukinowa den" de inekari-shiki — Kyōtango" 稲作発祥の地「月の輪田」で稲刈り式 京丹後 [The Moon paddy sees rice harvesting ceremony to be resumed — ōō]. Sankei WEST (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-12-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Anzu 1972, pp. 67–96.

Further readings

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