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'''''Pithecopus ayeaye''''' is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Phyllomedusidae]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to Brazil.<ref>http://mapservices.iucnredlist.org/IUCN/mapper/index.html?ID_NO=55839</ref> Its natural [[habitat]]s are subtropical or tropical moist [[shrubland]]s, [[river]]s, and freshwater [[marsh]]es. ''P. ayeaye'' is found in the transition zone between ''cerrado'' (tropical woodland-savanna) and Atlantic semideciduous forest, laying its eggs on leaves above streams or pools so the tadpoles, when hatched, fall into the water below. This species is under threat from [[habitat loss]] resulting from mining activity and fires, and is also affected by pollution from mining and pesticides. Its restricted range is likely to make it particularly vulnerable to these threats. |
'''''Pithecopus ayeaye''''' is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Phyllomedusidae]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to Brazil.<ref>http://mapservices.iucnredlist.org/IUCN/mapper/index.html?ID_NO=55839</ref> Its natural [[habitat]]s are subtropical or tropical moist [[shrubland]]s, [[river]]s, and freshwater [[marsh]]es. ''P. ayeaye'' is found in the transition zone between ''cerrado'' (tropical woodland-savanna) and Atlantic semideciduous forest, laying its eggs on leaves above streams or pools so the tadpoles, when hatched, fall into the water below. This species is under threat from [[habitat loss]] resulting from mining activity and fires, and is also affected by pollution from mining and pesticides. Its restricted range is likely to make it particularly vulnerable to these threats. |
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== Description: == |
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<blockquote>''P. ayeaye'' is a medium-sized frog that can grow between 28.7 mm to 40 mm long and weigh from 1.89 g to 7.5 g.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Borges|first=Marilia M|last2=Nali|first2=Renato C|last3=Fiorillo|first3=Bruno F|last4=Prado|first4=Cynthia PA|date=30 August 2018|title=Site fidelity, reproductive behavior and investment in the Brazilian Reticulate Leaf Frog, Pithecopus ayeaye Lutz, 1966|url=|journal=Herpetozoa|volume=31|issue=(1/2)|pages=61-68|via=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Lutz|first=Bertha|date=1966-06-21|title=Pithecopus ayeaye, a New Brazilian Hylid with Vertical Pupils and Grasping Feet|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1441130|journal=Copeia|volume=1966|issue=2|pages=236|doi=10.2307/1441130|issn=0045-8511}}</ref> The dorsal side is a bright green color, and the sides of its body and appendages have a distinctive network of black lines with circular reddish to orange spots. The ventral side is a black to gray color.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote> |
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== Habitat: == |
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<blockquote>It is native to South America and lives in the Espinhaco, Mantiqueira, and Canastra mountain ranges located in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=BAÊTA|first=DÉLIO|last2=CARAMASCHI|first2=ULISSES|last3=CRUZ|first3=CARLOS ALBERTO G.|last4=POMBAL JR.|first4=JOSÉ P.|date=2009-09-10|title=Phyllomedusa itacolomi Caramaschi, Cruz & Feio, 2006, a junior synonym of Phyllomedusa ayeaye (B. Lutz, 1966) (Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2226.1.5|journal=Zootaxa|volume=2226|issue=1|pages=58–65|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2226.1.5|issn=1175-5334}}</ref></blockquote> |
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== Call: == |
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<blockquote>Male frogs produce multiple calls that for specific information or one call that conveys different information. The advertisement call is used to get the attention of females and warn other males who are nearby. The release call is used to when males try to mate with other males or when they are fighting.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nali|first=Renato C.|last2=Borges|first2=Marília M.|last3=Prado|first3=Cynthia P.A.|date=August 2015|title=Advertisement and release calls of Phyllomedusa ayeaye (Anura: Hylidae) with comments on the social context of emission|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-46702015000400001|journal=Zoologia (Curitiba)|volume=32|issue=4|pages=263–269|doi=10.1590/s1984-46702015000400001|issn=1984-4689|via=}}</ref></blockquote> |
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== Reproduction: == |
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<blockquote>The breeding season is from October to January. Males sit on vegetation beside a stream and call to females. Most P. ayeaye breed on nights with sufficient rainfall to increase the likelihood that fertilization will occur. The tadpoles hatch during November to December. They mature from October to May, and fully mature by June.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Oliveira|first=Francisco Fonseca Ribeiro|date=2017-03-27|title=Mating behaviour, territoriality and natural history notes ofPhyllomedusa ayeayeLutz, 1966 (Hylidae: Phyllomedusinae) in south-eastern Brazil|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2017.1296196|journal=Journal of Natural History|volume=51|issue=11-12|pages=657–675|doi=10.1080/00222933.2017.1296196|issn=0022-2933}}</ref> Female P. ayeaye prefer to deposit their eggs on plants in the Melastomataceae and Solanaceae family. The leaves of those plants have trichomes on them which keep the eggs from drying out and adhering to the leaf.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote> |
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== Conservation status == |
== Conservation status == |
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The International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies the reticulated leaf frog as critically endangered. However, the last assessment of the species was done on January 7, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Reticulate Leaf Frog|date=2009-01-07|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref> Since then, ''P. ayeaye'' was found in other locations in Brazil and is no longer declared critically endangered by the Brazilian List of Endangered Species in 2014.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Magalhães|first=Rafael Félix|last2=Lemes|first2=Priscila|last3=Camargo|first3=Arley|last4=Oliveira|first4=Ubirajara|last5=Brandão|first5=Reuber Albuquerque|last6=Thomassen|first6=Hans|last7=Garcia|first7=Paulo Christiano de Anchietta|last8=Leite|first8=Felipe Sá Fortes|last9=Santos|first9=Fabrício Rodrigues|date=2017-09-20|title=Evolutionarily significant units of the critically endangered leaf frogPithecopus ayeaye(Anura, Phyllomedusidae) are not effectively preserved by the Brazilian protected areas network|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3261|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=21|pages=8812–8828|doi=10.1002/ece3.3261|issn=2045-7758}}</ref> |
The International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies the reticulated leaf frog as critically endangered. However, the last assessment of the species was done on January 7, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Reticulate Leaf Frog|date=2009-01-07|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref> Since then, ''P. ayeaye'' was found in other locations in Brazil and is no longer declared critically endangered by the Brazilian List of Endangered Species in 2014.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Magalhães|first=Rafael Félix|last2=Lemes|first2=Priscila|last3=Camargo|first3=Arley|last4=Oliveira|first4=Ubirajara|last5=Brandão|first5=Reuber Albuquerque|last6=Thomassen|first6=Hans|last7=Garcia|first7=Paulo Christiano de Anchietta|last8=Leite|first8=Felipe Sá Fortes|last9=Santos|first9=Fabrício Rodrigues|date=2017-09-20|title=Evolutionarily significant units of the critically endangered leaf frogPithecopus ayeaye(Anura, Phyllomedusidae) are not effectively preserved by the Brazilian protected areas network|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3261|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=21|pages=8812–8828|doi=10.1002/ece3.3261|issn=2045-7758}}</ref> |
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== Conservation Efforts == |
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While currently no specific conservation measures target this colourful amphibian, its occurrence in protected areas, such as the ''Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra'' in the state of [[Minas Gerais]] and ''Parque Estadual das Furnas do Bom Jesus'' in the state of [[São Paulo]], may provide it with some level of protection. |
While currently no specific conservation measures target this colourful amphibian, its occurrence in protected areas, such as the ''Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra'' in the state of [[Minas Gerais]] and ''Parque Estadual das Furnas do Bom Jesus'' in the state of [[São Paulo]], may provide it with some level of protection. |
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Revision as of 19:44, 2 March 2020
| Pithecopus ayeaye | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Hylidae |
| Genus: | Pithecopus |
| Species: | P. ayeaye
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| Binomial name | |
| Pithecopus ayeaye (B. Lutz, 1966)
| |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Pithecopus ayeaye is a species of frog in the family Phyllomedusidae. It is endemic to Brazil.[1] Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist shrublands, rivers, and freshwater marshes. P. ayeaye is found in the transition zone between cerrado (tropical woodland-savanna) and Atlantic semideciduous forest, laying its eggs on leaves above streams or pools so the tadpoles, when hatched, fall into the water below. This species is under threat from habitat loss resulting from mining activity and fires, and is also affected by pollution from mining and pesticides. Its restricted range is likely to make it particularly vulnerable to these threats.
Description:
P. ayeaye is a medium-sized frog that can grow between 28.7 mm to 40 mm long and weigh from 1.89 g to 7.5 g.[2][3] The dorsal side is a bright green color, and the sides of its body and appendages have a distinctive network of black lines with circular reddish to orange spots. The ventral side is a black to gray color.[3]
Habitat:
It is native to South America and lives in the Espinhaco, Mantiqueira, and Canastra mountain ranges located in Brazil.[4]
Call:
Male frogs produce multiple calls that for specific information or one call that conveys different information. The advertisement call is used to get the attention of females and warn other males who are nearby. The release call is used to when males try to mate with other males or when they are fighting.[5]
Reproduction:
The breeding season is from October to January. Males sit on vegetation beside a stream and call to females. Most P. ayeaye breed on nights with sufficient rainfall to increase the likelihood that fertilization will occur. The tadpoles hatch during November to December. They mature from October to May, and fully mature by June.[6] Female P. ayeaye prefer to deposit their eggs on plants in the Melastomataceae and Solanaceae family. The leaves of those plants have trichomes on them which keep the eggs from drying out and adhering to the leaf.[2]
Conservation status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies the reticulated leaf frog as critically endangered. However, the last assessment of the species was done on January 7, 2009.[7] Since then, P. ayeaye was found in other locations in Brazil and is no longer declared critically endangered by the Brazilian List of Endangered Species in 2014.[8]
Conservation Efforts
While currently no specific conservation measures target this colourful amphibian, its occurrence in protected areas, such as the Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra in the state of Minas Gerais and Parque Estadual das Furnas do Bom Jesus in the state of São Paulo, may provide it with some level of protection.
Sources
- ^ http://mapservices.iucnredlist.org/IUCN/mapper/index.html?ID_NO=55839
- ^ a b Borges, Marilia M; Nali, Renato C; Fiorillo, Bruno F; Prado, Cynthia PA (30 August 2018). "Site fidelity, reproductive behavior and investment in the Brazilian Reticulate Leaf Frog, Pithecopus ayeaye Lutz, 1966". Herpetozoa. 31 ((1/2)): 61–68.
- ^ a b Lutz, Bertha (1966-06-21). "Pithecopus ayeaye, a New Brazilian Hylid with Vertical Pupils and Grasping Feet". Copeia. 1966 (2): 236. doi:10.2307/1441130. ISSN 0045-8511.
- ^ BAÊTA, DÉLIO; CARAMASCHI, ULISSES; CRUZ, CARLOS ALBERTO G.; POMBAL JR., JOSÉ P. (2009-09-10). "Phyllomedusa itacolomi Caramaschi, Cruz & Feio, 2006, a junior synonym of Phyllomedusa ayeaye (B. Lutz, 1966) (Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae)". Zootaxa. 2226 (1): 58–65. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2226.1.5. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ^ Nali, Renato C.; Borges, Marília M.; Prado, Cynthia P.A. (August 2015). "Advertisement and release calls of Phyllomedusa ayeaye (Anura: Hylidae) with comments on the social context of emission". Zoologia (Curitiba). 32 (4): 263–269. doi:10.1590/s1984-46702015000400001. ISSN 1984-4689.
- ^ de Oliveira, Francisco Fonseca Ribeiro (2017-03-27). "Mating behaviour, territoriality and natural history notes ofPhyllomedusa ayeayeLutz, 1966 (Hylidae: Phyllomedusinae) in south-eastern Brazil". Journal of Natural History. 51 (11–12): 657–675. doi:10.1080/00222933.2017.1296196. ISSN 0022-2933.
- ^ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Reticulate Leaf Frog". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
- ^ de Magalhães, Rafael Félix; Lemes, Priscila; Camargo, Arley; Oliveira, Ubirajara; Brandão, Reuber Albuquerque; Thomassen, Hans; Garcia, Paulo Christiano de Anchietta; Leite, Felipe Sá Fortes; Santos, Fabrício Rodrigues (2017-09-20). "Evolutionarily significant units of the critically endangered leaf frogPithecopus ayeaye(Anura, Phyllomedusidae) are not effectively preserved by the Brazilian protected areas network". Ecology and Evolution. 7 (21): 8812–8828. doi:10.1002/ece3.3261. ISSN 2045-7758.
- Caramaschi, U. & Gonçalves da Cruz, C.A. 2004. Phyllomedusa ayeaye. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
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