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Prof '''Frederick Guthrie''' [[Royal Society of London|FRS]] [[FRSE]] (15 October 1833 – 21 October 1886) was a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] physicist and chemist and academic author.
Prof '''Frederick Guthrie''' [[Royal Society of London|FRS]] [[FRSE]] (15 October 1833 – 21 October 1886) was a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] physicist and chemist and academic author.


He was the son of Alexander Guthrie, a London tradesman, and the younger brother of mathematician [[Francis Guthrie]]. Along with [[William Fletcher Barrett]] he founded the [[Physical Society of London]] (now the [[Institute of Physics]]) in 1874 and was president of the society from 1884 till 1886.<ref>{{cite book|author= Lewis, John J. |title= The Physical Society and Institute of Physics 1874-2002|publisher= Institute of Physics Publishing|year=2003 |isbn=0-7503-0879-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.iop.org/about/history/page_38385.html| title = Institute History|publisher= IOP|accessdate = 29 September 2012}}</ref> He believed that science should be based on experimentation rather than discussion.
He was the son of Alexander Guthrie, a London tradesman, and the younger brother of mathematician [[Francis Guthrie]]. Along with [[William Fletcher Barrett]] he founded the [[Physical Society of London]] (now the [[Institute of Physics]]) in 1874 and was president of the society from 1884 till 1886.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lewis, John J.|title=The Physical Society and Institute of Physics 1874-2002|publisher= Institute of Physics Publishing|year=2003|isbn=0-7503-0879-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iop.org/about/history/page_38385.html| title=Institute History|publisher=IOP|accessdate=29 September 2012}}</ref> He believed that science should be based on experimentation rather than discussion.


==Academic career==
==Academic career==
His academic career started at [[University College, London]], where he studied for three years. He studied chemistry under [[Thomas Graham (chemist)|Thomas Graham]] and [[Alexander William Williamson]] and mathematics under [[Augustus De Morgan]]. In 1852, he submitted his brother Francis's observations to [[De Morgan]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Fritsch, Rudolf |author2=Fritsch, Gerda |title= The Four Color Theorem: History, Topological Foundations, and Idea of Proof|url=https://archive.org/details/fourcolortheorem0000frit |url-access=registration |publisher= Springer|year=1998 |isbn=0-387-98497-6}}</ref>
His academic career started at [[University College, London]], where he studied for three years. He studied chemistry under [[Thomas Graham (chemist)|Thomas Graham]] and [[Alexander William Williamson]] and mathematics under [[Augustus De Morgan]]. In 1852, he submitted his brother Francis's observations to [[De Morgan]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Fritsch, Rudolf|author2=Fritsch, Gerda|title=The Four Color Theorem: History, Topological Foundations, and Idea of Proof|url=https://archive.org/details/fourcolortheorem0000frit|url-access=registration|publisher=Springer|year=1998|isbn=0-387-98497-6}}</ref>


In 1854 Guthrie went to [[Heidelberg]] to study under [[Robert Bunsen]] and then in 1855 obtained a Ph.D. at the [[University of Marburg]] under [[Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe]].<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v35/n888/abs/035008e0.html| title = Frederick Guthrie|journal= Nature|accessdate = 29 September 2012| doi=10.1038/035008e0|volume=35|issue=888|pages=8–10|bibcode=1886Natur..35....8G|doi-access=free|year=1886}}</ref>
In 1854 Guthrie went to [[Heidelberg]] to study under [[Robert Bunsen]] and then in 1855 obtained a Ph.D. at the [[University of Marburg]] under [[Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v35/n888/abs/035008e0.html| title=Frederick Guthrie|journal=Nature|accessdate=29 September 2012| doi=10.1038/035008e0|volume=35|issue=888|pages=8–10|bibcode=1886Natur..35....8G|doi-access=free|year=1886}}</ref>


In 1856 he joined [[Edward Frankland]], professor of chemistry at Owens College, Manchester. In 1859 he went to the [[University of Edinburgh]].
In 1856 he joined [[Edward Frankland]], professor of chemistry at Owens College, Manchester. In 1859 he went to the [[University of Edinburgh]].


Guthrie was the first to report on the effects of [[mustard gas]]. In 1860, he described combining [[ethylene]] with [[sulfur dichloride]] and observations of some of the physiological effects it had on him.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Guthrie, Frederick |title=XIII.—On some derivatives from the olefines |journal=Q. J. Chem. Soc. |volume=12 |pages=109–126 |year=1860 |doi=10.1039/QJ8601200109 |issue=1 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1885270 }}</ref>
Guthrie synthetized [[mustard gas]] in 1860 from [[ethylene]] and [[sulfur dichloride]]. Gutherie probably was not the first to synthetize mustard gas, but he was among the first to document its toxic effects. Gutherie did his mustard gas synthesis almost simultaneously as [[Albert Niemann (chemist)|Albert Niemann]], who also synthetized mustard gas and noted its toxic effects in his own experiements.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Critical care toxicology: diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=9783319179001|veditors=Brent J|edition=2nd|pages=2684|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-17900-1|display-editors=etal}}</ref> Both, Gutherie and Niemann, published their findings in 1 January 1860.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Guthrie, Frederick|title=XIII.—On some derivatives from the olefines|journal=Q. J. Chem. Soc.|volume=12|pages=109–126|year=1860|doi=10.1039/QJ8601200109|issue=1|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1885270}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|volume=113|journal=Liebigs Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie|issue=3|pages=288–292|year=1860|title=Über die Einwirkung des braunen Chlorschwefels auf Elaylgas|author=Albert Niemann|doi=10.1002/jlac.18601130304|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1427145}}</ref>

was the first to report on the effects of [[mustard gas]]. In 1860, he described combining [[ethylene]] with [[sulfur dichloride]] and observations of some of the toxic effects it had on him.


In 1860 Guthrie was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]], his proposer being [[Lyon Playfair]]. He was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of London]] in 1871.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf}}</ref>
In 1860 Guthrie was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]], his proposer being [[Lyon Playfair]]. He was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of London]] in 1871.<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf}}</ref>


He served as professor of chemistry and physics at the [[Royal College Port-Louis (Mauritius)|Royal College of Mauritius]] between 1861 and 1867.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v132/n3337/abs/132595b0.html| title = Guthrie and the Physical Society|journal= Nature|accessdate = 29 September 2012| doi=10.1038/132595b0|volume=132|issue=3337|pages=595–596|bibcode=1933Natur.132R.595.|doi-access=free|year=1933}}</ref>
He served as professor of chemistry and physics at the [[Royal College Port-Louis (Mauritius)|Royal College of Mauritius]] between 1861 and 1867.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v132/n3337/abs/132595b0.html|title=Guthrie and the Physical Society|journal=Nature|accessdate=29 September 2012| doi=10.1038/132595b0|volume=132|issue=3337|pages=595–596|bibcode=1933Natur.132R.595.|doi-access=free|year=1933}}</ref>


Guthrie was later a professor at the [[Royal School of Mines]] in London, where he mentored the future experimental physicist [[C. V. Boys]]. He also mentored [[John Ambrose Fleming]] and was instrumental in turning his interest from chemistry to electricity.
Guthrie was later a professor at the [[Royal School of Mines]] in London, where he mentored the future experimental physicist [[C. V. Boys]]. He also mentored [[John Ambrose Fleming]] and was instrumental in turning his interest from chemistry to electricity.
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He invented the thermionic diode 1873 (this was later given alternate credit to Edison's assistant W. J. Hammer).<ref>http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-diode/</ref>
He invented the thermionic diode 1873 (this was later given alternate credit to Edison's assistant W. J. Hammer).<ref>http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-diode/</ref>


Guthrie wrote the ''Elements of Heat'' in 1868 and ''Magnetism and Electricity'' in 1873 (published in 1876).<ref>{{cite book |first=Frederick |last=Guthrie |authorlink=Frederick Guthrie |title=Magnetism and Electricity |date=1876 |location=London and Glasgow |publisher=William Collins, Sons, & Company |url=https://archive.org/details/magnetismandele00guthgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/magnetismandele00guthgoog/page/n373 1] }}</ref>
Guthrie wrote the ''Elements of Heat'' in 1868 and ''Magnetism and Electricity'' in 1873 (published in 1876).<ref>{{cite book|first=Frederick|last=Guthrie|authorlink=Frederick Guthrie|title=Magnetism and Electricity|date=1876|location=London and Glasgow|publisher=William Collins, Sons, & Company|url=https://archive.org/details/magnetismandele00guthgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/magnetismandele00guthgoog/page/n373 1]}}</ref>


Guthrie was also a linguist, playwright, and poet. Under the name Frederick Cerny, he wrote the poems ''The Jew'' (1863) and ''Logrono'' (1877).
Guthrie was also a linguist, playwright, and poet. Under the name Frederick Cerny, he wrote the poems ''The Jew'' (1863) and ''Logrono'' (1877).

Revision as of 23:00, 4 September 2020

Frederick Guthrie
Born15 October 1833
Bayswater, London
Died21 October 1886(1886-10-21) (aged 53)
London
Scientific career
Academic advisorsAugustus De Morgan

Prof Frederick Guthrie FRS FRSE (15 October 1833 – 21 October 1886) was a British physicist and chemist and academic author.

He was the son of Alexander Guthrie, a London tradesman, and the younger brother of mathematician Francis Guthrie. Along with William Fletcher Barrett he founded the Physical Society of London (now the Institute of Physics) in 1874 and was president of the society from 1884 till 1886.[1][2] He believed that science should be based on experimentation rather than discussion.

Academic career

His academic career started at University College, London, where he studied for three years. He studied chemistry under Thomas Graham and Alexander William Williamson and mathematics under Augustus De Morgan. In 1852, he submitted his brother Francis's observations to De Morgan.[3]

In 1854 Guthrie went to Heidelberg to study under Robert Bunsen and then in 1855 obtained a Ph.D. at the University of Marburg under Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe.[4]

In 1856 he joined Edward Frankland, professor of chemistry at Owens College, Manchester. In 1859 he went to the University of Edinburgh.

Guthrie synthetized mustard gas in 1860 from ethylene and sulfur dichloride. Gutherie probably was not the first to synthetize mustard gas, but he was among the first to document its toxic effects. Gutherie did his mustard gas synthesis almost simultaneously as Albert Niemann, who also synthetized mustard gas and noted its toxic effects in his own experiements.[5] Both, Gutherie and Niemann, published their findings in 1 January 1860.[6][7]

was the first to report on the effects of mustard gas. In 1860, he described combining ethylene with sulfur dichloride and observations of some of the toxic effects it had on him.

In 1860 Guthrie was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Lyon Playfair. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1871.[8]

He served as professor of chemistry and physics at the Royal College of Mauritius between 1861 and 1867.[9]

Guthrie was later a professor at the Royal School of Mines in London, where he mentored the future experimental physicist C. V. Boys. He also mentored John Ambrose Fleming and was instrumental in turning his interest from chemistry to electricity.

He invented the thermionic diode 1873 (this was later given alternate credit to Edison's assistant W. J. Hammer).[10]

Guthrie wrote the Elements of Heat in 1868 and Magnetism and Electricity in 1873 (published in 1876).[11]

Guthrie was also a linguist, playwright, and poet. Under the name Frederick Cerny, he wrote the poems The Jew (1863) and Logrono (1877).

Guthrie died in 1886 and is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery in London.[12]

Family

He was married four times.

His son Frederick Bickell Guthrie was an agricultural chemist.

References

  1. ^ Lewis, John J. (2003). The Physical Society and Institute of Physics 1874-2002. Institute of Physics Publishing. ISBN 0-7503-0879-6.
  2. ^ "Institute History". IOP. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  3. ^ Fritsch, Rudolf; Fritsch, Gerda (1998). The Four Color Theorem: History, Topological Foundations, and Idea of Proof. Springer. ISBN 0-387-98497-6.
  4. ^ "Frederick Guthrie". Nature. 35 (888): 8–10. 1886. Bibcode:1886Natur..35....8G. doi:10.1038/035008e0. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  5. ^ Brent J, et al., eds. (2017). Critical care toxicology: diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 2684. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17900-1. ISBN 9783319179001.
  6. ^ Guthrie, Frederick (1860). "XIII.—On some derivatives from the olefines". Q. J. Chem. Soc. 12 (1): 109–126. doi:10.1039/QJ8601200109.
  7. ^ Albert Niemann (1860). "Über die Einwirkung des braunen Chlorschwefels auf Elaylgas". Liebigs Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 113 (3): 288–292. doi:10.1002/jlac.18601130304.
  8. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X.
  9. ^ "Guthrie and the Physical Society". Nature. 132 (3337): 595–596. 1933. Bibcode:1933Natur.132R.595.. doi:10.1038/132595b0. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  10. ^ http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-diode/
  11. ^ Guthrie, Frederick (1876). Magnetism and Electricity. London and Glasgow: William Collins, Sons, & Company. p. 1.
  12. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X.


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