Atavism
In biology, an atavism is a modification of a biological structure whereby an ancestral, trait reappears after having been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations.[3] Atavisms can occur in several ways;[4] one of which is when genes for previously existing phenotypic features are preserved in DNA, and these become expressed through a mutation that either knocks out the overriding genes for the new traits or makes the old traits override the new one.[3] A number of traits can vary as a result of shortening of the fetal development of a trait (neoteny) or by prolongation of the same. In such a case, a shift in the time a trait is allowed to develop before it is fixed can bring forth an ancestral phenotype.[5] Atavisms are often seen of evidence of evolution.[6]
In social sciences, atavisms describe a cultural tendency of reversion. For example, people in the modern era reverting to the ways of thinking and acting of a former time. The word atavism is derived from the Latin atavus—a great-great-great-grandfather or, more generally, an ancestor.
Biology
Evolutionarily, traits that have disappeared phenotypically do not necessarily disappear from an organism's DNA. The gene sequence often remains, but is inactive. Such an unused gene may remain in the genome for many generations.[7][8] As long as the gene remains intact, a fault in the genetic control suppressing the gene can lead to it being expressed again. Sometimes, the expression of dormant genes can be induced by artificial stimulation.
Atavisms have been observed in humans, such as with infants born with vestigial tails (called a "coccygeal process", "coccygeal projection", or "caudal appendage").[9] Atavism can also be seen in humans who possess large teeth, like those of other primates.[10] In addition, a case of "snake heart", the presence of "coronary circulation and myocardial architecture [which resemble] those of the reptilian heart", has also been reported in medical literature.[11]
However, although they are similar, vestigial structures are distinct from atavisms. Atavisms are ancestral traits that reappear in the modern day, but they do not become vestigial organs or body parts. For example, the wings of an ostrich are vestigial structures that no longer serve their original purpose for flight, but they are not the result of a dormant ancestral trait that has reappeared.[12] Other examples of observed atavisms include:
- Hind limbs in whales.[3]
- Reappearance of limbs in limbless vertebrates.[6][3][13]
- Back pair of flippers on a bottlenose dolphin.[14]
- Extra toes of the modern horse.[3][15][16]
- Re-evolution of sexuality from parthenogenesis in orbitid mites.[17]
- Teeth in chickens.[18]
- Dewclaws in dogs.[3]
- Reappearance of wings on wingless stick insects[19] and earwigs.[3]
- Atavistic muscles in several birds[20][21] and mammals such as the beagle[22] and the jerboa.[20]
- Extra toes in guinea pigs.[3][23]
- Reemergence of [[sexual reproduction in the flowering plant Hieracium pilosella and the Crotoniidae family of mites.[24]
- Webbed feet in adult axolotls.[25]
- Human tails (not pseudo-tails)[26][27] and supernumerary nipples in humans (and other primates).[3]
- Color blindness in humans.[28]
Culture
The term atavism is sometimes also applied in the discussion of culture.[29] Social science has describe the return of older, more "primitive" tendencies (e.g. warlike atitudes, clan identities, anything suggesting the social and political atmosphere of thousands of years ago) as atavistic.[citation needed] "Resurgent atavism" is a common name for the belief that people in the modern era are beginning to revert to ways of thinking and acting that are throw-backs to a former time. This is especially used by sociologists in reference to violence.[citation needed]
The neo-pagan subculture uses this same terminology ("atavism" or "resurgent atavism") to describe how modern, Western countries are experiencing both the decline of Christianity and the rise of religious movements inspired by the older pagan.[citation needed]
Atavism is a key term in Joseph Schumpeter's explanation of World War I in twentieth-century liberal Europe. He defends the liberal international relations theory- that an international society built on commerce will avoid war because of war's destructiveness and comparative cost. His reason for World War I is termed "atavism", in which he asserts that senescent governments in Europe (those of the German Empire, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, and Austro-Hungarian Empire) pulled the liberal Europe into war, and that the liberal regimes of the other continental powers did not cause it. He used this idea to say that liberalism and commerce would continue to have a soothing effect in international relations, and that war would not arise between nations which are connected by commercial ties.[30]
Social Darwinism
During the interval between the acceptance of evolution in the mid-1800s and the rise of the modern understanding of genetics in the early 1900s, atavism was used to account for the reappearance in an individual of a trait after several generations of absence—often called a "throw-back".[citation needed] The idea that atavisms could be made to accumulate by selective breeding, or breeding back, led to breeds such as the Heck cattle.[citation needed] This had been bred from ancient landraces with selected primitive traits, in an attempt of "reviving" the aurochs, an extinct species of wild cattle.[citation needed] The same notions of atavisms were used by social Darwinists, who claimed that inferior races displayed atavistic traits, and represented more primitive traits than their own race.[citation needed] Both atavisms and Ernst Haeckel's recapitulation theory are related evolutionary progress, as development towards greater complexity and superior ability.[citation needed]
In addition, the concept of atavism as part of an individualistic explanation of the causes of criminal deviance was popularised by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso in the 1870s.[31] He attempted to identify physical characteristics common to criminals and labeled those he found as atavistic, 'throw-back' traits that determined 'primitive' criminal behavior. His statistical evidence and the closely related idea of eugenics have long since been abandoned by the scientific community, but the concept that physical traits may affect the likelihood of criminal or unethical behavior in a person still has some scientific support.[32]
See also
References
- ^ Uthman, Ed (2014). "Tubal pregnancy with embryo". WikiJournal of Medicine. 1 (2). doi:10.15347/wjm/2014.007.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Multi-cell Organisms". Universe-review.ca. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Brian K. Hall (1984), "Developmental mechanisms underlying the atavisms", Biological Reviews, 59: 89–124, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1984.tb00402.x
- ^ Tomic, Nenad; Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (2011). "Atavisms - medical, genetic, and evolutionary implications". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 54 (3): 332–353.
- ^ Held, L. (2009). Quirks of Human Anatomy, an Evo-Devo Look at the Human Body. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-73233-8.
- ^ a b Brian K. Hall (1995), "Atavisms and atavistic mutations", Nature Genetics, 10: 126–127, doi:10.1038/ng0695-126
- ^ Collin, R.; Cipriani, R. (2003). "Dollo's law and the re-evolution of shell coiling". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270 (1533): 2551–2555. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2517. PMC 1691546. PMID 14728776.
- ^ Tomic, Nenad; Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (2011). "Atavisms - medical, genetic, and evolutionary implications". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 54 (3): 332–353.
- ^ TalkOrigins Archive. "29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: Part 2". Archived from the original on 29 October 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-08.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "What our tails tell us". Los Angeles Times. 2007-02-15. Archived from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
- ^ Walia, I.; Arora, H. S.; Barker, E. A.; Delgado Rm, 3.; Frazier, O. H. (2010). "Snake Heart: A Case of Atavism in a Human Being". Texas Heart Institute Journal. 37 (6): 687–690. PMC 3014134. PMID 21224948.
{{cite journal}}
:|first4=
has numeric name (help) - ^ "Atavism". biologydictionary.net. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
- ^ Raynauad, A. (1977), Somites and early morphogenesis in reptile limbs. In Vertebrate Limb and Somite Morphogenesis, Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 373–386
- ^ Hiroko Tabuchi (2006), Dolphin May Have 'Remains' of Legs, Livescience.com
- ^ Tyson R, Graham JP, Colahan PT, Berry CR (2004). "Skeletal atavism in a miniature horse". Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 45 (4): 315–7. doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04060.x. PMID 15373256.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - ^ Simpson, G. G. (1951), Horses: The story of the horse family in the modern world and through sixty million years of evolution, Oxford University Press
- ^ Katja Domes; et al. (2007), "Reevolution of sexuality breaks Dollo's law", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 104: 7139–7144, doi:10.1073/pnas.0700034104
- ^ Matthew P. Harris; et al. (2006), "The Development of Archosaurian First-Generation Teeth in a Chicken Mutant", Current Biology, 16 (4): 371–377, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.047, PMID 16488870
- ^ Michael F. Whiting; et al. (2003), "Loss and recovery of wings in stick insects", Nature, 421: 264–267, doi:10.1038/nature01313, PMID 12529642
- ^ a b Robert J. Raikow; et al. (1979), "The evolutionary re-establishment of a lost ancestral muscle in the bowerbird assemblage.", Condor, 81 (2): 203–206, doi:10.2307/1367290
- ^ Robert J. Raikow (1975), "The evolutionary reappearance of ancestral muscles as developmental anomalies in two species of birds", Condor, 77: 514–517, doi:10.2307/1366113
- ^ E. Evansh (1959), "Hyoid muscle anomalies in the dog (Canis familiaris)", Anatomical Record, 133
- ^ William E. Castle (1906), The origin of a polydactylous race of guinea-pigs (49 ed.), Carnegie Institution of Washington
- ^ Domes, K.; Norton, R. A.; Maraun, M.; Scheu, S. (2007). "Reevolution of sexuality breaks Dollo's law". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (17): 7139–7144. doi:10.1073/pnas.0700034104. PMC 1855408. PMID 17438282.
- ^ Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (1989). "A report of webbed feet in a mature axolotl Siredon mexicanum and remarks on webbed feet in Urodela generally". Amphibia-Reptilia. 10: 89–92.
- ^ Nenad Tomić; et al. (2011), "Atavisms: Medical, Genetic, and Evolutionary Implications", perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 54 (3): 332–353, doi:10.1353/pbm.2011.0034, PMID 21857125
- ^ Anh H. Dao; Martin G. Netsky (1984), "Human tails and pseudotails", Human Pathology, 15 (5): 449–453, doi:10.1016/S0046-8177(84)80079-9, PMID 6373560
- ^ "How do things look to the color-blind?" (PDF). MIT Press. p. 24. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
Most mammals are dichromats, and according to the standard account of the evolution of primate trichromacy, around thirty million years ago gene duplication transformed the single longer-wavelength photopigment of our dichromatic ancestors into two, our current L- and M- photopigments. (For reviews see Jacobs and Rowe 2004 and Surridge et al. 2003.) This added a new red-green opponent channel to the existing yellow-blue channel. On the Reduction View, human red-green dichromacy can accordingly be thought of as something of an atavistic glimpse of our distant evolutionary history. If misperception is widespread among human red-green dichromats, then presumably it also is among the many dichromatic mammals who share versions of the ancient yellow-blue system of color vision.
- ^ An example:Friedrich A. Hayek (1978). "The Atavism of Social Justice". New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- ^ Joseph Schumpeter (1969). "Imperialism and Capitalism". Imperialism and Social Classes. Cleveland: The World Publishing Company.
- ^ "Lombroso and the pathological perspective can be traced back to the 19th Century following a history of demonic and classical perspectives". Criminology.fsu.edu. 2000-11-27. Archived from the original on 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2013-12-04.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Haselhuhn, M. P.; Wong, E. M. (2011). "Bad to the bone: Facial structure predicts unethical behaviour". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 279 (1728): 571–576. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1193. PMID 21733897.