Breeding back
Breeding back can be described as either a natural or a human attempt to assemble or re-assemble the genes of an extinct species, subspecies or domesticated breed, which may still be present in the larger gene pool of the overall species or those of multiple interbreedable species.
Breeding back is controversial, especially claims that an extinct animal has been recreated. Similar appearance (phenotypical reconstruction) does not assure similar behavior or biology. For some of the animals that are being bred back, questions remain about the ecological niche, hardiness, and disease resistance of the original creatures. For instance, the aurochs died out almost 400 years ago and the records kept cannot definitively answer some of these questions.
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[edit] Domestic examples
In domestic animals, there are now several examples of breeding back.
[edit] Dogs
The American Alsatian dog breed has been created to resemble the bone and body structure of the Dire Wolf, although not the temperament.[1] Other dog breeds that attempt to recreate a 'wolf-look', without actually cross breeding with wolves, are the Tamaskan Dog, Utonagan, and the Northern Inuit dog breeds.
Some speculate that it may be possible to breed back the now extinct Japanese Wolf, since Asian wolves possibly crossed with Japanese wolfdogs.
[edit] Grazing animals
Other selectively bred examples of breeding back include that of the aurochs, the extinct forerunner of domestic cattle. The most of the products of these attempts are from the 1920ies and called the Heck cattle, but there are approaches using modern genetics and breeding methods as well, like TaurOs Project [2]. The Konik and the Heck horse, a phenotypic approach to what is thought to be that of the tarpan have also been produced, although their closeness to the original European wild horse is to be questioned [3]
Another prominent breeding back effort is the Quagga Project to bring back the extinct subspecies of the Plains Zebra called Quagga.
Back breeding is also being used to recreate domestic breeds that have disappeared, such as the Cumberland Pig.
[edit] Back breeding in the wild
Back breeding is also sometimes alleged to occur in feral animal populations. It is not certain if "primitive"[clarification needed] feral breeds (such as of sheep or pigs) are so only because their ancestors were of primitive domestic breeds or if they have had a kind of natural back breeding.
It is widely accepted that pigs will readily "go feral" and in the case of the introduced Razorbacks to the USA, pigs seem to revert to a 'wild boar' like state in not only appearance but also behavior and hardiness. Some individuals identified as European wildcats are suspected to be descended feral domestic cats.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ "Standards of the Breed". National American Alsatian Club. June 2009. http://shepaluteclub.tripod.com/standards.html. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
- ^ www.taurosproject.com/ TaurOs Project
- ^ http://www.eurowildlife.org/news/wild-horses-for-europe–-which-breed-is-the-best/
- Koene, P., & Gremmen, B. (2001). Genetics of dedomestication in large herbivores. In 35th ISAE Conference, Davis, California, 2001 (pp. 68–68).
