Battle of Cape Spada
| Battle of Cape Spada | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Battle of the Mediterranean of World War II | |||||||
 Bartolomeo Colleoni sinking, 19 July 1940 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Australia  United Kingdom |
 Italy | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 John Collins |
Ferdinando Casardi | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
1 light cruiser 5 destroyers | 2 light cruisers | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
1 wounded 1 light cruiser damaged |
121 killed 555 captured 1 light cruiser sunk | ||||||
The Battle of Cape Spada was a naval battle during the Battle of the Mediterranean in Second World War. It took place on 19 July 1940 in the Mediterranean Sea off Cape Spada, the north-western extremity of Crete.
Prelude
The battle occurred when an Allied squadron patrolling the Aegean encountered two Italian cruisers transferring from Tripoli to Leros, at that time an Italian colony in the Dodecanese Islands. The Allied squadron was commanded by the Australian Captain John Collins aboard the light cruiser HMAS Sydney and included the British H-class destroyers HMS Havock, Hyperion, Hasty, Hero and the similar I-class destroyer Ilex. The Italian 2nd Cruiser Division was commanded by Vice Admiral[1] Ferdinando Casardi and consisted of the high-speed light cruisers Giovanni delle Bande Nere and Bartolomeo Colleoni.[2]
Battle
When the Italians encountered the Allied destroyers at about 07:30, Sydney and Havock were 40 mi (35 nmi; 64 km) to the north on a sweep for submarines. The other destroyers led the Italian cruisers on a chase northwards to give Sydney time to come to the rescue. Sydney sighted the Italians at 08:26, opening fire at 08:29, and the Italian cruisers turned away to the southwest.
In the running battle which followed, Bartolomeo Colleoni was hit hard by Sydney and after a shell tore through her unarmored hull, the boilers and guns were disabled at 09:23, leaving her dead in the water.[3] She fought on, but was unable to manoeuvre or use her main battery; despite the fire from her 100 mm (3.9 in) guns, she was sunk by three torpedoes launched from Ilex and Hyperion at 09:59. Sydney continued to fire against Bande Nere. She was hit in the funnel by a single Italian shell, but managed to hit Bande Nere at least twice, killing eight in the bow and the hangar. Later, Sydney disengaged because she was short of ammunition and Giovanni delle Bande Nere returned to Benghazi, shadowed by the battleship HMS Warspite and a screen of destroyers. 555 survivors of Bartolomeo Colleoni were rescued; 121 died.[4]
Despite their speed advantage, the Italian cruisers failed to outrun HMAS Sydney because they had to steer south-southwest, instead of the most obvious route of escape to the south, in order to avoid being trapped between the enemy and the shores of Crete. This gave the Australian cruiser the chance to close the range, as she did. The light armour of Colleoni and Bande Nere was unable to withstand Sydney's rounds. The lack of aerial reconnaissance was another factor contributing to the successful Allied chase.[5]
Aftermath
The British destroyers were bombed by Italian aircraft in the aftermath, resulting in damage to HMS Havock, whose no. 2 boiler was flooded. A floatplane from Warspite, which was searching for Bande Nere, ditched in the sea and was lost near Tobruk. The crew was captured by the Italians. Allied convoy AN.2 was ordered to sail back to Port Said and remain there until it was eventually known that Bande Nere had reached Benghazi.[6]
Order of battle
Italy
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- Rear Admiral Ferdinando Casardi - 2nd Cruiser Division
- Regia Marina: 2 light cruisers: Bartolomeo Colleoni (sunk), Giovanni dalle Bande Nere
Allies
- Captain John Collins - 2nd Destroyer Flotilla
- 1 light cruiser: HMAS Sydney
- 5 destroyers: HMS Hasty, Havock, Hero, Hyperion, Ilex
Notes
- ^ Ammiraglio di Divisione. equivalent to Vice Admiral.
- ^ Coulthard-Clark 2001, pp. 170–171.
- ^ O’Sullivan, Fergus (13 July 2021). "The Battle of Cape Spada: The Australian Navy Proves Its Mettle". History Guild. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021.
- ^ O'Hara 2009, p. 46.
- ^ Greene & Massignani, pp. 84–85
- ^ Titterton, p. 48
References
- Coulthard-Clark, Chris (2001). The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-634-7. OCLC 48793439.
- Greene, Jack & Massignani, Alessandro (1998). The Naval War in the Mediterranean, 1940–1943. Chatam Publishing, London. ISBN 1-86176-057-4
- O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-648-3.
- Titterton, G. A.(2002). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean. Volume 2. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5179-6
External links
- Action off Cape Spada
- Scontro di Capo Spada (in Italian)