CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
The CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS) project is a physics project of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). The aim of the project is to analyse the hypothesis of neutrino oscillation by directing a beam of neutrinos from CERN's facilities to the detector of the OPERA experiment at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), located in the Gran Sasso mountain in Italy. The CNGS facility is housed at the Meyrin site of CERN, at the Franco–Swiss border near Geneva, Switzerland.[1] It uses the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) accelerator as a source of high-energy protons.
History
Approval for the CNGS project was signed by the CERN Council in December 1999,[2] with civil engineering on the project starting the following September.[3] Construction of the tunnels and service caverns was completed in mid-2004, with equipment installation completed in summer 2005 and commissioning being carried out throughout spring 2006. The first proton beam was sent to the target on 11 July 2006, with the CNGS facility being approved for physics operations on 18 August 2006.
Function
A proton beam is taken from the SPS at 400 GeV and is made to collide with a graphite target within the CNGS tunnel. The resulting particles, most importantly kaons and pions among many other particles, are then focused by magnetic lensing and travel 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) down the CNGS tunnel in a vacuum tube. These particles are naturally unstable and as they travel along the tunnel they decay into muons and muon neutrinos. All particles except neutrinos (protons, muons, pion, kaon...) stop near the end of the tunnel. The neutrinos continue their flight unaffected, as they rarely interact with matter. The number of muons is measured at this point, which gives an indication of the beam's profile and intensity. This beam then passes 732 kilometres (455 mi) through the crust of the Earth and it is expected that during flight some of the muon neutrinos convert into other neutrino types such as tau neutrinos.[1] Once the beam arrives at Gran Sasso, the OPERA and ICARUS experiments are used to detect the neutrinos.
Results
The first candidates for neutrino oscillation were announced in May 2010 by the OPERA experiment.[4] At the time of writing (Nov 2014) there are 4 tau events, consistent with the expectations from the theory of neutrino oscillation.
On 22 September 2011, the OPERA collaboration garnered international attention when they released a preprint[5] reporting the Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly, wherein neutrinos were measured to be travelling, on average, at faster-than-light speed.[6] On 24 February 2012, the team said they had discovered two problems with their previous test, muddying the validity of the previous result.[7] The preprint has been modified to account for these facts, and indeed the measurement of the neutrino speed, there reported, agrees with the velocity of the light.
References
- ^ a b "General Description of the CERN Project for a Neutrino Beam" (PDF).
- ^ "CNGS project Overview".
- ^ "CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS): First Beam" (PDF).
- ^ "Tau Neutrino embargo" (PDF).
- ^ T. Adam et al. (OPERA Collaboration) (22 September 2011). "Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam". arXiv:1109.4897 [hep-ex].
- ^ "Speed-of-light experiments give baffling result at Cern". BBC. 22 September 2011.
- ^ "Faster-than-light neutrinos could be down to bad wiring". BBC News. 23 February 2012.
External links
| Large Hadron Collider (LHC) | |
|---|---|
| Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) | |
| Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) | |
| Proton Synchrotron (PS) | |
| Linear accelerators | |
| Other accelerators | |
| ISOLDE facility | |
| Non-accelerator experiments | |
| Future projects | |
| Related articles | |
