Canavalia
| Canavalia | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Canavalia sericea | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Tribe: | Phaseoleae |
| Subtribe: | Diocleinae |
| Genus: | Canavalia Adans.[1] |
| Species | |
|
Some 70, see text |
|
| Synonyms | |
|
Clementea Cav. |
|
Canavalia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family (Fabaceae) and comprises approximately 70-75 species of tropical vines. Members of the genus are commonly known as jack-beans. The species of Canavalia endemic to the Hawaiian Islands were named ʻāwikiwiki by the Native Hawaiians. That name means essentially "the very quick one"[2] and comes from the Hawaiian word for "fast" that has also been appropriated into the name "Wikipedia". The genus name is derived from the Malabar word for the species, kavavali, which means "forest climber."[3]
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[edit] Uses
Several species are valued legume crops, including Common Jack-bean (C. ensiformis), Sword Bean (C. gladiata) and C. cathartica. At least the first makes a beneficial weed- and pathogen-suppressing living mulch.[4] The Common Jack-bean is also known as the plant from which the lectin concanavalin A, con A is produced. This lectin is of major commercial and scientific importance as a reagent in glycoprotein biochemistry and immunology. Also, the Jack-bean is a common source of purified urease enzyme for scientific research.
Bay Bean (Canavalia rosea) supposedly is mildly psychoactive when smoked; it is used in tobacco substitutes.
[edit] Ecology
Some animals have adaptation to the defensive chemicals of jack-beans. Caterpillars for example of the Two-barred Flasher (Astraptes fulgerator) are sometimes found on Canavalia. The plant pathogenic ascomycete fungus Mycosphaerella canavaliae was described from a jack-bean. Introduced herbivores have wreaked havoc on Canavalia on the Hawaiian Islands and made some nearly extinct; it may be that these lost their chemical defenses as no herbivorous mammals existed in their range until introduced by humans. The usually bright pea-flowers are pollinated by insects such as solitary bees and carpenter bees (e.g. Xylocopa confusa).
[edit] History
The genus name Canavalia was, as recently as 1913, known as Canavali[5]
[edit] Species[6]
_in_Kawal,_AP_Im_IMG_2205.jpg)
[edit] Formerly placed here
- Dysolobium grande (Wall. ex Benth.) Prain (as C. grandis (Wall. ex Benth.) Kurz)[7]
[edit] Gallery
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in Uppalapadu, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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in Uppalapadu, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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in Uppalapadu, Andhra Pradesh, India.
_in_Kawal_WS,_AP_W_IMG_2204.jpg)
_in_Kawal_WS,_AP_W2_IMG_2205.jpg)
_in_AP_W_IMG_3277.jpg)
_in_AP_W_IMG_3275.jpg)
_in_AP_W2_IMG_3275.jpg)
[edit] See also
- Thierry Bardini - researched Venezuelan jack-bean agriculture early in his career
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ a b "Genus: Canavalia Adans.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?2025. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
- ^ Pukui et al. (1992)
- ^ Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida Ethnobotany. CRC Press. pp. 161. ISBN 9780849323324. http://books.google.com/books?id=eS7lX_rC3GEC&.
- ^ Caamal-Maldonado et al. (2001)
- ^ Piper, C.V. 1913. "The Jack Bean and the Sword Bean." USDA Bureau of Plant Industry, Circular. No. 110. p. 29-36
- ^ ILDIS (2005)
- ^ a b "GRIN Species Records of Canavalia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2025. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
- ^ a b c d e f "ʻawikiwiki, puakauhi". Hawaiian Ethnobotany Database. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/resultsdetailed.asp?search=awikiwiki. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
- ^ "Canavalia galeata". Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/can-gale.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
[edit] References
- Caamal-Maldonado, Jesús Arturo; Jiménez-Osornioa, Juan José ; Torres-Barragán, Andrea & Anaya, Ana Luisa (2001): The Use of Allelopathic Legume Cover and Mulch Species for Weed Control in Cropping Systems. Agronomy Journal 93(1): 27-36. PDF fulltext
- International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS) (2005): Genus Canavalia. Version 10.01, November 2005. Retrieved 2007-DEC-17.
- Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel Hoyt; Mookini, Esther T. & Nishizawa, Yu Mapuana (1992): New Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary with a Concise Grammars and Given Names in Hawaiian. University of Hawaii PRess, Honolulu. ISBN 0-8248-1392-8
[edit] External links
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Wikispecies has information related to: Canavalia |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Canavalia |
- International Plant Names Index: Canavalia taxa database.
- Barboza, Rick (2008-03-21). "Climbing vine makes for beautiful lei". Honolulu Star-Bulletin 13 (81). http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/03/21/features/garden.html.
- "Canavalia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=500178.
