Cheilostomatida
| Cheilostomatida Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| Schizoporella with serpulid tubes; Cape Cod Bay, Duck Creek, near Wellfleet, Massachusetts. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Bryozoa |
| Class: | Gymnolaemata |
| Order: | Cheilostomatida Busk, 1852 |
| Suborders | |
| Synonyms | |
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Cheilostomatida, also called Cheilostomata, is an order of Bryozoa in the class Gymnolaemata.[1]
They are exclusively marine, colonial invertebrate animals. Cheilostome colonies are composed of calcium carbonate and grow on a variety of surfaces, including rocks, shells, seagrass and kelps. The colony shapes range from simple encrusting sheets to erect branching and even unattached forms. As in other bryozoan groups, each colony is composed of a few to thousands of individual polypides. Each individual has a U-shaped gut, and no respiratory or circulatory system. Unique among bryozoans, cheilostome polypides are housed in a box-shaped zooids, which do not grow larger once the zooid is mature. The opening through which the polypide protrudes is protected by a calcareous or chitinous lidlike structure, an operculum. Cheilostomes possess avicularia, which have modified the operculum into a range of mandibles (possibly for defense) or hair-like setae (possibly for cleaning).
The cheilostomes are the most abundant and varied of modern bryozoans. The classification in suborders is based upon frontal calcification and the mechanism of lophophore protrusion.
Evolution
[edit]Cheilostomes first appeared in the Late Jurassic (Pyriporopsis) but diversified very slowly during the Early Cretaceous, with only 1 family known up to the Albian. During the Late Cretaceous, cheilostomes diversified rapidly to reach a level of more than 20 families in the Maastrichtian, replacing cyclostomes as the dominant group of bryozoans.[2] At the same time new forms evolved which partly or fully used aragonite instead of calcite in their exoskeleton.[3][4] This diversification is thought to be a consequence of the evolution of a new larval type.[5] Though the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event had some impact on genetic diversity, the rapid diversification continued into the Eocene, then apparently reaching a plateau of about 50 families up to the Holocene.
Most species incubate their offspring in brood chambers which has evolved independently at least 10 times in the order.[6]
References
[edit]
- ^ WoRMS (2020). Cheilostomatida. Accessed at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110722 on 2020-02-12
- ^ Dick, Matthew H.; Sakamoto, Chika; Komatsu, Toshifumi (2018). "Cheilostome Bryozoa from the Upper Cretaceous Himenoura Group, Kyushu, Japan". Paleontological Research. 22 (3): 239–264. doi:10.2517/2017PR022. S2CID 134160944.
- ^ Bryozoan skeletal mineralogy and ocean acidification
- ^ Smith, Abigail M.; Key, Marcus M.; Gordon, Dennis P. (October 2006). "Skeletal mineralogy of bryozoans: Taxonomic and temporal patterns". Earth-Science Reviews. 78 (3): 287–306. Bibcode:2006ESRv...78..287S. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.06.001.
- ^ Taylor, Paul D. (1988). "Major radiation of cheilostome bryozoans: Triggered by the evolution of a new larval type?". Historical Biology. 1 (1): 45–64. Bibcode:1988HBio....1...45T. doi:10.1080/08912968809386466.
- ^ Grant, Heather E.; Ostrovsky, Andrew N.; Jenkins, Helen L.; Vieira, Leandro M.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Foster, Peter G.; Kotenko, Olga N.; Smith, Abigail M.; Berning, Björn; Porter, Joanne S.; Souto, Javier; Florence, Wayne K.; Tilbrook, Kevin J.; Waeschenbach, Andrea (2023). "Multiple evolutionary transitions of reproductive strategies in a phylum of aquatic colonial invertebrates". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 290 (2010). doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.1458. PMC 10618858.
- Hayward, P.J. (2001). Bryozoa, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 325–333
- Clarke, A.; Johnston, N.M. (2003). Antarctic marine benthic diversity. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review. 41: 47-114.