Combined Fleet

Combined Fleet
Combined Fleet
聯合艦隊 (Rengō Kantai)
	Rising Sun Flag
Active	1894–1945
Country	Empire of Japan
Allegiance	Emperor of Japan
Branch	Imperial Japanese Navy
Type	Sea-going component of the Imperial Japanese Navy
Engagements	First Sino-Japanese War ; Russo-Japanese War ; World War I; Second Sino-Japanese War ; World War II
Commanders
Notable; commanders	Tōgō Heihachirō; Isoroku Yamamoto
Insignia
Identification; symbol	; Imperial Seal of Japan and Seal of the Imperial Japanese Navy

The Combined Fleet (聯合艦隊, Rengō Kantai) was the main sea-going component of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Until 1933, the Combined Fleet was not a permanent organization, but a temporary force formed for the duration of a conflict or major naval maneuvers from various units normally under separate commands in peacetime.

History

Sino-Japanese War (1894–95)

The Combined Fleet was formally created for the first time on 18 July 1894 by the merger of the Standing Fleet and the Western Fleet. The Standing Fleet (also known as the Readiness Fleet) contained the navy's most modern and combat-capable warships. The Western Fleet was a reserve force consisting primarily of obsolete ships deemed unsuitable for front-line combat operations, but still suitable for commerce protection and coastal defense. Vice-admiral Itō Sukeyuki was appointed the first Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet^[1] for the duration of the first Sino-Japanese War against China.

Russo-Japanese War (1904–05)

The Combined Fleet was re-formed during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 to provide a unified overall command for the three separate fleets in the Imperial Japanese Navy. The IJN 1st Fleet was the main battleship force, which formed the backbone of the navy and was intended to be used in a traditional line of battle showdown with an equivalent enemy battleship fleet (kantai kessen). The IJN 2nd Fleet was a fast, mobile strike force with armored cruisers and protected cruisers. The IJN 3rd Fleet was primarily a reserve fleet of obsolete vessels considered too weak for front-line combat service, but which could still be used in the operation to blockade Port Arthur. Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō was commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet during the Russo-Japanese War.

Interwar years

The Combined Fleet was not maintained as a permanent organization, but was temporarily created when necessary during fleet maneuvers or when called for by extraordinary circumstances. Thus, during the period from 1905 to 1924, the Combined Fleet was created only sporadically as the occasion or circumstances dictated, and disbanded immediately afterwards.

In 1924, the Imperial Japanese Navy declared in an edict on fleet organization that "for the time being" the Combined Fleet would be a standing organization consisting of the IJN 1st Fleet and IJN 2nd Fleet. As this was not intended to be "permanent" and since the commander of IJN 1st Fleet concurrently directed the Combined Fleet, the Combined Fleet was not given a Headquarters staff of its own.

From 1933, with the Mukden Incident and the increasing tension with China, a permanent HQ staff for the Combined Fleet was established. By the late 1930s, it included most of Japan's warships—only the base units, the Special Naval Landing Forces, and the China Area Fleet lay outside the Combined Fleet.

World War II

The Combined Fleet came under direct command of the Imperial General Headquarters in 1937. With the start of the Pacific War with the attack on Pearl Harbor carried out by Combined Fleet's Kido Butai (1st Air Fleet), the Combined Fleet became almost synonymous with the Imperial Japanese Navy, under the command of admiral Isoroku Yamamoto till April 1943 when he died after his plane was shot-down by US air forces over Bougainville Island. It comprised the battleships, aircraft carriers, aircraft, and the components that made up the main fighting strength of the IJN. It was first mobilized on the whole for the Battle of Midway. After the devastating carrier losses at Midway and in the Solomon Islands campaign, the navy re-organized into a number of "Area Fleets" for local operational control of various geographic zones. The Combined Fleet then evolved into more of an administrative organization.

As the war situation deteriorated for the Japanese and the territories controlled by the "Area Fleets" fell one after another to the United States Navy, the Imperial General Headquarters and the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff acted to force the American fleet into a "decisive battle" in the Philippines per the kantai kessen philosophy. In the resultant Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf the Japanese fleet was severely depleted. The remnants of the Combined Fleet fled to Okinawa, but further operations were hindered by lack of fuel and air cover. By the time of the final suicide mission of the battleship Yamato in Operation Ten-Go, the Combined Fleet had ceased to exist as an effective combat force.

Commander-in-Chief (司令長官, Shireichōkan)

No.	Commander-in-Chief	Took office	Left office	Time in office
1	Itō, SukeyukiVice Admiral Itō Sukeyuki 伊藤祐亨 (1843–1914)	18 July 1894	11 May 1895	297 days
2	Arichi, ShinanojōVice Admiral Arichi Shinanojō^[a] 有地品之允 (1843–1919)	11 May 1895	16 November 1895^[b]	189 days
3	Tōgō, HeihachirōVice Admiral (when appointed) Admiral (from 6 June 1904) Tōgō Heihachirō 東郷平八郎 (1848–1934)	28 December 1903	20 December 1905^[c]	1 year, 357 days
4	Ijūin, GorōVice Admiral Baron Ijūin Gorō 伊集院五郎 (1852–1921)	8 October 1908	20 November 1908	43 days
5	Yoshimatsu, ShigetarōVice Admiral Yoshimatsu Shigetarō [ja] 吉松茂太郎 (1859–1935)	1 November 1915	13 December 1915	42 days
(5)	Yoshimatsu, ShigetarōVice Admiral Yoshimatsu Shigetarō [ja] 吉松茂太郎 (1859–1935)	1 September 1916	14 October 1916	43 days
(5)	Yoshimatsu, ShigetarōAdmiral Yoshimatsu Shigetarō [ja] 吉松茂太郎 (1859–1935)	1 October 1917	22 October 1917	21 days
6	Yamashita, GentarōAdmiral Yamashita Gentarō 山下源太郎 (1863–1931)	1 September 1918	15 October 1918	44 days
(6)	Yamashita, GentarōAdmiral Yamashita Gentarō 山下源太郎 (1863–1931)	1 June 1919	28 October 1919	149 days
7	Yamaya, TaninAdmiral Yamaya Tanin 山屋他人 (1866–1940)	1 May 1920	24 August 1920	115 days
8	Tochinai, SojirōAdmiral Tochinai Sojirō [ja] 栃内曽次郎 (1866–1932)	24 August 1920	31 October 1920	68 days
(8)	Tochinai, SojirōAdmiral Tochinai Sojirō [ja] 栃内曽次郎 (1866–1932)	1 May 1921	31 October 1921	183 days
9	Takeshita, IsamuVice Admiral (when appointed) Admiral (from 3 August 1923) Takeshita Isamu 竹下勇 (1870–1949)	1 December 1922^[d]	27 January 1924	1 year, 57 days
10	Admiral Kantarō Suzuki 鈴木貫太郎 (1868–1948)	27 January 1924	1 December 1924	309 days
11	Okada, KeisukeAdmiral Okada Keisuke 岡田啓介 (1868–1952)	1 December 1924	10 December 1926	2 years, 9 days
12	Katō, HiroharuVice Admiral (when appointed) Admiral (from 1 April 1927) Katō Hiroharu 加藤寛治 (1870–1939)	10 December 1926	10 December 1928	2 years
13	Taniguchi, NaomiAdmiral Taniguchi Naomi [ja] 谷口尚真 (1870–1941)	10 December 1928	11 November 1929	336 days
14	Yamamoto, EisukeVice Admiral (when appointed) Admiral (from 1 March 1931) Yamamoto Eisuke [ja] 山本英輔 (1876–1962)	11 November 1929	1 December 1931	2 years, 20 days
15	Kobayashi, SeizōVice Admiral (when appointed) Admiral (from 1 April 1933) Kobayashi Seizō 小林躋造 (1877–1962)	1 December 1931	15 November 1933	1 year, 349 days
16	Suetsugu, NobumasaVice Admiral (when appointed) Admiral (from 30 March 1934) Suetsugu Nobumasa 末次信正 (1880–1944)	15 November 1933	15 November 1934	1 year
17	Takahashi, SankichiVice Admiral (when appointed) Admiral (from 1 April 1936) Takahashi Sankichi 高橋三吉 (1882–1966)	15 November 1934	1 December 1936	2 years, 16 days
18	Yonai, MitsumasaVice Admiral Yonai Mitsumasa 米内光政 (1880–1948)	1 December 1936	2 February 1937	63 days
19	Nagano, OsamiAdmiral Nagano Osami 永野修身 (1880–1947)	2 February 1937	1 December 1937	302 days
20	Yoshida, ZengoVice Admiral Yoshida Zengo 吉田善吾 (1885–1966)	1 December 1937	30 August 1939	1 year, 272 days
21	Yamamoto, IsorokuVice Admiral (when appointed) Admiral (from 15 November 1940)^[e] Yamamoto Isoroku 山本五十六 (1884–1943)	30 August 1939	18 April 1943^[f] †	3 years, 231 days
22	Koga, MineichiAdmiral^[g] Koga Mine'ichi 古賀峯一 (1885–1944)	21 May 1943	31 March 1944^[h] †	315 days
23	Toyoda, SoemuAdmiral Toyoda Soemu 豊田副武 (1885–1957)	3 May 1944	29 May 1945	1 year, 26 days
24	Ozawa, JisaburōVice Admiral^[i] Ozawa Jisaburō 小沢治三郎 (1886–1966)	29 May 1945	10 October 1945^[j]	134 days

Chief of Staff (参謀長, Sanbōchō)

No.	Chief of Staff	Took office	Left office	Time in office
1	Samejima, KazunoriCaptain Samejima Kazunori 鮫島員規 (1845–1910)	19 July 1894	17 December 1894	151 days
2	Dewa, ShigetōCaptain Dewa Shigetō 出羽重遠 (1856–1930)	17 December 1894	25 July 1895	220 days
3	Kamimura, HikonojōCaptain Kamimura Hikonojō 上村彦之丞 (1849–1916)	25 July 1895	16 November 1895	114 days
4	Shimamura, HayaoCaptain Shimamura Hayao 島村速雄 (1858–1923)	28 December 1903	12 January 1905	1 year, 15 days
5	Katō, TomosaburōRear Admiral Katō Tomosaburō 加藤友三郎 (1861–1923)	12 January 1905	20 December 1905	342 days
6	Yamashita, GentarōCaptain Yamashita Gentarō 山下源太郎 (1863–1931)	8 October 1908	20 November 1908	43 days
7	Yamanaka, ShibakichiRear Admiral Yamanaka Shibakichi [ja] 山中柴吉 (1870–1941)	1 November 1915	13 December 1915	42 days
8	Horiuchi, SaburōVice Admiral Horiuchi Saburō [ja] 堀内三郎 (1869–1933)	1 September 1916	14 October 1916	43 days
(8)	Horiuchi, SaburōVice Admiral Horiuchi Saburō [ja] 堀内三郎 (1869–1933)	1 October 1917	22 October 1917	21 days
9	Saitō, HanrokuRear Admiral Saitō Hanroku [ja] 斎藤半六 (1869–1952)	1 September 1918	15 October 1918	44 days
10	Funakoshi, KajishirōRear Admiral Funakoshi Kajishirō [ja] 舟越楫四郎 (1870–1962)	1 June 1919	28 October 1919	149 days
11	Yoshioka, HansakuRear Admiral Yoshioka Hansaku 吉岡範策 (1869–1930)	1 May 1920	31 October 1920	183 days
(11)	Yoshioka, HansakuRear Admiral Yoshioka Hansaku 吉岡範策 (1869–1930)	1 May 1921	31 October 1921	183 days
12	Shirane, KumazoRear Admiral Shirane Kumazō [ja] 白根熊三 (1876–1939)	1 December 1922	1 December 1923	1 year
13	Kabayama, KanariRear Admiral Kabayama Kanari [ja] 樺山可也 (1876–1932)	1 December 1923	10 November 1924	345 days
14	Hara, KanjirōCaptain Hara Kanjirō [ja] 原敢二郎 (1880–1948)	10 November 1924	1 December 1925	1 year, 21 days
15	Ōminato, NaotarōRear Admiral Ōminato Naotarō [ja] 大湊直太郎 (1879–1958)	1 December 1925	1 November 1926	335 days
16	Takahashi, SankichiRear Admiral Takahashi Sankichi 高橋三吉 (1882–1966)	1 November 1926	1 December 1927	1 year, 30 days
17	Hamano, EijirōRear Admiral Hamano Eijirō [ja] 濱野英次郎 (1880–1952)	1 December 1927	10 December 1928	1 year, 9 days
18	Terajima, KenRear Admiral Terajima Ken [ja] 寺島健 (1882–1972)	10 December 1928	30 October 1929	324 days
19	Shiozawa, KōichiRear Admiral Shiozawa Kōichi 塩沢幸一 (1881–1943)	30 October 1929	1 December 1930	1 year, 32 days
20	Shimada, ShigetarōRear Admiral Shimada Shigetarō 嶋田繁太郎 (1883–1976)	1 December 1930	1 December 1931	1 year
21	Yoshida, ZengoRear Admiral Yoshida Zengo 吉田善吾 (1885–1966)	1 December 1931	15 September 1933	1 year, 288 days
22	Toyoda, SoemuRear Admiral Toyoda Soemu 豊田副武 (1885–1957)	15 September 1933	15 March 1935	1 year, 181 days
23	Kondō, NobutakeRear Admiral Kondō Nobutake 近藤信竹 (1886–1953)	15 March 1935	15 November 1935	245 days
24	Nomura, NaokuniRear Admiral Nomura Naokuni 野村直邦 (1885–1973)	15 November 1935	16 November 1936	1 year, 1 day
25	Iwashita, YasutarōRear Admiral Iwashita Yasutarō [ja] 岩下保太郎 (1887–1937)	16 November 1936	18 February 1937 †	94 days
26	Ozawa, JisaburōRear Admiral Ozawa Jisaburō 小沢治三郎 (1886–1966)	18 February 1937	15 November 1937	270 days
27	Takahashi, IbōRear Admiral Takahashi Ibō 高橋伊望 (1888–1947)	15 November 1937	15 November 1939	2 year
28	Fukudome, ShigeruRear Admiral Fukudome Shigeru 福留繁 (1891–1971)	15 November 1939	10 April 1941	1 year, 146 days
29	Itō, SeiichiRear Admiral Itō Seiichi 伊藤整一 (1890–1945)	10 April 1941	1 August 1941	113 days
30	Ugaki, MatomeRear Admiral (when appointed) Vice Admiral (from 1 November 1942) Ugaki Matome 宇垣纏 (1890–1945)	1 August 1941	22 May 1943	1 year, 294 days
31	Fukudome, ShigeruVice Admiral Fukudome Shigeru 福留繁 (1891–1971)	22 May 1943	6 April 1944	320 days
32	Kusaka, RyūnosukeRear Admiral (when appointed) Vice Admiral (from 1 May 1944) Kusaka Ryūnosuke 草鹿龍之介 (1893–1971)	6 April 1944	24 June 1945	1 year, 79 days
33	Yano, ShikazōRear Admiral Yano Shikazō [ja] 矢野志加三 (1893–1966)	25 June 1945	25 September 1945	92 days

Footnotes

^ Created Baron on 5 June 1896.
^ Forced into retirement on 21 October 1895 for boarding neutral vessels in search of Liu Yongfu, the fugitive president of the Republic of Formosa; Fleet dissolved.
^ Fleet dissolved.
^ Fleet recreated as permanent entity; given direct command over 1st Fleet.
^ Promoted posthumously to Marshal Admiral.
^ 1st Fleet separated from direct command on 11 August 1941.
^ Promoted posthumously to Marshal Admiral.
^ Killed in action when Kawanishi H8K ("Emily") flying boat crashed during a typhoon between Palau and Davao.
^ Refused promotion to Admiral.
^ Fleet surrendered.

References

Notes

^ Combined Fleet

Books

D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. ISBN 0-8159-5302-X.
Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-097-1.

External links

Nishida, Hiroshi. "Imperial Japanese Navy". Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
Wendel, Marcus. "Axis Database". Retrieved 25 August 2007.
World War II Armed Forces – Orders of Battle and Organizations
Nihon Kaigun

[2] Created Baron on 5 June 1896.

[3] Forced into retirement on 21 October 1895 for boarding neutral vessels in search of Liu Yongfu, the fugitive president of the Republic of Formosa; Fleet dissolved.

[4] Fleet dissolved.

[5] Fleet recreated as permanent entity; given direct command over 1st Fleet.

[6] Promoted posthumously to Marshal Admiral.

[7] 1st Fleet separated from direct command on 11 August 1941.

[8] Promoted posthumously to Marshal Admiral.

[9] Killed in action when Kawanishi H8K ("Emily") flying boat crashed during a typhoon between Palau and Davao.

[10] Refused promotion to Admiral.

[11] Fleet surrendered.

[1] Combined Fleet

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