Cystoderma carcharias
| Cystoderma carcharias | |
|---|---|
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Division: | |
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| Species: | C. carcharias
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| Binomial name | |
| Cystoderma carcharias | |
| Synonyms | |
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Agaricus carcharias | |
Cystoderma carcharias | |
|---|---|
 | Gills on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex or flat |
 | or adnate |
 | Stipe has a ring |
 | Spore print is white |
 | Ecology is saprotrophic |
 | Edibility is inedible |
Cystoderma carcharias, is a species of agaric in the fungal family Agaricaceae. It has a widespread distribution, and has been collected in coniferous forests and grasslands in Asia, Europe, North America, and the subantarctic islands. In the field, fruit bodies are characterized by a pink cap up to 6 cm (2.4 in) broad, a well-developed ring on the stem, and an unpleasant odour.
Taxonomy[edit]
The species was first described scientifically by Christian Hendrik Persoon, who named it Agaricus carcharias in 1794.[2] Swiss mycologist Victor Fayod assigned it its current name in 1889.[3] The specific epithet carcharias is probably derived from the Greek καρχαρός (karcharos) which means sharp, pointed or jagged. καρχαρίας (karcharias) is translated as shark.
Description[edit]
The fruiting body of Cystoderma carcharias is a relatively small agaric. The fruiting body is characterised by an off-white and pale pink-tinged cap with a distinct darker central spot, and a powdery cuticle. The cap is at first convex, but with maturity becomes flat and slightly umbonate. The cap is up to 6 cm (2.4 in) in diameter and may bear a margin fringed with remnants of a partial veil. The gills are white, adnate and crowded. The stem is white and smooth above, and granular below a white, upturned, flared and persistent ring. The stem is cylindrical and up to 7 cm (2.8 in) tall. The flesh is white, firm and full throughout.[4][5] Additionally, C. carcharias forma album is a form recognised as having a snow-white cap.[6]
Under a microscope, the spores are ellipsoid, with dimensions 4–5.5 by 3–4 µm. The spores are white and amyloid. The basidia are 4-spored,[4][5][7] club-shaped, and measure 20–25 by 4–6 µm.[8]
The fruiting body of C. carcharias bears a characteristic strong, unpleasant odour. The odour has been described as earthy, muddy and mouldy by various authors. This has been attributed to the presence of the compound geosmin.[9] The taste is not distinctive.
Cystoderma carcharias is a fairly common fungus distributed in Europe, North America and temperate Asia,[8] typically occurring in coniferous forests.[10] It has also been found on the treeless, Australian subantarctic Macquarie Island.[11] Fruit bodies are found singly or in groups on soil among grass or moss during late summer and autumn. The fungus is an acidophilic litter saprotroph growing frequently under conifers, namely spruce.
Cystoderma carcharias accumulates cadmium in its fruiting bodies. In polluted areas, cadmium concentrations may even exceed 600 mg/kg in dry mass.[12] Intracellular Cd accumulated in sporocarps of C. carcharias is associated with two isoforms of metallothioneins.[13] Furthermore, C. carcharias contains numerous organoarsenic compounds from which dimethylarsinoylacetate and trimethylarsoniopropionate have been reported for the first time in the terrestrial environment.[12]
This fungus has been deemed inedible by various authors.[4][14]
References[edit]
- ^ "Cystoderma carcharias taxon record details at Index Fungorum". CAB International. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
- ^ Persoon CH. (1794). "Dispositio methodica fungorum". Neues Magazin für die Botanik, Römer (in Latin). 1: 81–128.
- ^ Fayod MV. (1889). "Prodrome d'une histoire naturelle des Agaricinés". Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique. VII (in French). 9: 351.
- ^ a b c Jordan M. (1995). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London: David & Charles. p. 214. ISBN 0-7153-0129-2.
- ^ a b Gerault, Alain (October 2005). "Florule Evolutive des Basidiomycotina du Finistere – Heterobasidiomycetes – Tricholomatales (in French)" (PDF). 2.1.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Trial field key to the species of Cystoderma in the Pacific Northwest". Pacific Northwest Key Council. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
- ^ Saar I, Põldmaa K, Kõljalg U (2009). "The phylogeny and taxonomy of genera Cystoderma and Cystodermella (Agaricales) based on nuclear ITS and LSU sequences". Mycological Progress. 8: 59–73. doi:10.1007/s11557-008-0578-9. S2CID 31184798.
- ^ a b Saar I. (2003). "The genera Cystoderma and Cystodermella (Tricholomataceae) in temperate Eurasia". Mycotaxon. 86: 455–73. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ Tkacz J. S.; Lange L. (2004). Advances in fungal biotechnology for industry, agriculture, and medicine. Springer. p. 342. ISBN 0-306-47866-8.
- ^ Dennis RWG. (1980). "Micro fungi of St. Kilda". Kew Bulletin. 34 (3): 742–44. doi:10.2307/4119067. JSTOR 4119067.
- ^ "Interactive Catalogue of Australian Fungi: Cystoderma carcharias". Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne. Archived from the original on March 30, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
- ^ a b Borovička J., Braeuer S., Sácký J., Kameník J., Goessler W., Trubač J., Strnad L., Rohovec J., Leonhardt T., Kotrba P. (2019). "Speciation analysis of elements accumulated in Cystoderma carcharias from clean and smelter-polluted sites". Science of the Total Environment. 648: 1570–1581. Bibcode:2019ScTEn.648.1570B. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.202. PMID 30340302. S2CID 53009222.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sácký J., Černý J., Šantrůček J., Borovička J., Leonhardt T., Kotrba P. (2021). "Cadmium hyperaccumulating mushroom Cystoderma carcharias has two metallothionein isoforms usable for cadmium and copper storage". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 153: 103574. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103574. PMID 34015433. S2CID 235075332.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Polèse J.; Deconchat C. (2002). Champignons. L'encyclopédie. Losange: Editions Artemis. p. 245. ISBN 2-84416-145-6.
External links[edit]
- Cystoderma carcharias in MycoBank.
- Cystoderma carcharias in Index Fungorum
- Scientific images at BioImages (UK)