Daniel J. Callaghan

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Daniel Callaghan
July 26, 1890(1890-07-26) – November 13, 1942 (aged 52)
090912-Janggeom-DanCallaghan.jpg
Callaghan on the bridge of USS San Francisco in 1942
Nickname Dan
Place of birth San Francisco, California
Place of death Killed in action at Guadalcanal
Allegiance  United States of America
Service/branch United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg United States Navy
Years of service 1911–1942
Rank US-O8 insignia.svg Rear Admiral
Commands held USS Truxtun (DD-14)
USS San Francisco (CA-38)
Battles/wars World War I
World War II
* Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
Awards Medal of Honor ribbon.svg Medal of Honor (posthumous)
Navy Distinguished Service ribbon.svg Distinguished Service Medal
Purple Heart BAR.svg Purple Heart
Relations William Callaghan (brother)

Daniel Judson Callaghan (July 26, 1890–November 13, 1942) was a United States Navy officer who received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his actions during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal.[1][2] In a career spanning just over 30 years, he served his country in two wars. Callaghan served on several ships during his first 20 years of service, including escort duties during World War I, and also filled some shore-based administrative roles. He later came to the attention of US President Franklin Roosevelt, who appointed Callaghan as his Naval Aide in 1938.[1][3] A few years later, he returned to command duties during the early stages of World War II. Callaghan died on the bridge of the USS San Francisco (CA-38) while in command against a larger Japanese force off Savo Island, which ended in a strategic victory for the Allied side.

Contents

[edit] Early life

Callaghan was born on July 26, 1890, in San Francisco, California, the son of businessman Charles William Callaghan and Rose Wheeler Callaghan.[4][5] The family had a devout Roman Catholic foundation.[4][5] One of Callaghan's younger brothers, William Callaghan (1897–1991), would later go on to a career in the US Navy as well. Both brothers studied at Saint Ignatius College Preparatory in San Francisco, the elder graduating in the class of 1907.[3] Callaghan then graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1911.[3] His first assignment was on board the armored cruiser USS California (ACR-6), in command of a turret with twin 8-inch guns. He was promoted to the rank of Ensign on May 21, 1912.[6]

USS Truxtun was Callaghan's second posting, and later became his first command
USS San Francisco off the Korean coast in 1945

Callaghan's second assignment was on the destroyer USS Truxtun (DD-14) in mid-1913. He was promoted to Lieutenant (Junior Grade) in May 1915.[6] In his first few years of service, Callaghan developed a reputation as a conscientious sailor, noted for avoiding heavy alcohol consumption and regularly attending Mass. His dedication to naval gunnery also became apparent. Some years later, one of his captains, Joel Pringle, would write: "[Callaghan's] devotion to duty, sound judgment and ability to inspire loyalty in his subordinates have resulted in a constant and steady increase in the efficiency of the above mentioned batteries. At the recent battle practice of the Pacific Fleet in 5-inch guns, he made the largest percentage of hits of any ship of the Fleet."[7]

During his first few years of naval service, Callaghan had been courting Mary Tormey of Oakland, California, and the two were married on July 23, 1914.[6] Their son, Daniel Judson Callaghan Jr.,[2][7] was born in Alameda, California, on October 16, 1915.[8]

In July 1915, the Truxtun was on its way to Alaska when it broke down and was unable to continue its mission. Initially, the blame fell on Callaghan, who had apparently ordered incorrect parts for the condenser. He was suspended from duty and ordered to appear before a court-martial.[6] Subsequent investigation, however, found that another man was responsible for the error; Callaghan received a full acquittal and was reinstated. A few months latter, he was appointed as commanding officer of the Truxtun, but the stress of his trial appeared to have left its mark—at the age of 25 years, Callaghan's hair had already turned gray.[6]

[edit] World War I

Callaghan's next posting was to the cruiser USS New Orleans (CL-22) in November 1916.[7] Following the entry of the United States into World War I, in April 1917, the New Orleans escorted cargo ships crossing the Atlantic Ocean. It was at this time that Callaghan first met Ross McIntire, a surgeon, who would later have a significant impact on his career. According to biographer Francis Murphy, Callaghan played a pivotal role in the rescue of a disabled British liner off the coast of Ireland: "Four times a hawser was hauled aboard the cruiser from the liner, that was about three times the cruiser's size, and four times the cable parted. The Captain was for abandoning the job. But not Dan. With superhuman strength and the full cooperation of his men, he finally secured the cable. For forty-eight hours the New Orleans stayed with the stricken vessel hauling it out of danger [and] finally handing it on to tugs from a North Ireland base."[7]

USS Idaho during battle practice around 1930

Following the war, Callaghan settled in Georgetown, Washington, DC for two years with his wife and young son. During this time, he worked on reassignment of warrant and chief petty officers from the navy.[7] Callaghan next served aboard the newly-commissioned battleship USS Idaho (BB-42), commencing in October 1920.[7] While his family moved back to Oakland, he began serving as a fire control officer on the Idaho. Callaghan left the Idaho in June 1923, returning to shore duties for two years before taking up the position of First Lieutenant on the USS Colorado (BB-45) in May 1925.[7] The Colorado transported a shipment of gold to Australia before returning to the United States in 1926. Callaghan next took up the position of gunnery officer on board the USS Mississippi (BB-41).[7] Captain Thomas Hart wrote of Callaghan: "I can scarcely report too favorably on this officer. He is excellent generally and particularly; and he looks and acts the part. As gunnery officer, he is being highly successful and I unhesitatingly recommend him for almost any detail."[7] Callaghan left the Mississippi in July 1928 and worked in naval inspections for the next two years.

Callaghan served as Aide to the Commander in Chief, US Fleet, and was promoted to the rank of Commander in June 1931.[1] He then served as Executive Officer of the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps at the University of California, Berkeley, before working on the USS Portland (CA-33).[1] In 1938, US President Franklin Roosevelt asked his physician, Ross McIntire, to recommend someone for the position of Naval Aide.[3] McIntire recommended Callaghan, who was appointed to the role in July 1938 and would fill it for the next three years.[1][3] He was promoted to the rank of Captain in October 1938.[1]

[edit] World War II

In May 1941, during the early stages of World War II, Roosevelt released Callaghan to take command of the cruiser USS San Francisco (CA-38).[1][3] Roosevelt wrote: "It is with great regret that I am letting Captain Callaghan leave as my Naval Aide. He has given every satisfaction and has performed duties of many varieties with tact and real efficiency. He has shown a real understanding of the many problems of the service within itself and in relationship to the rest of Government."[3] Callaghan later served as Chief of Staff to Robert Ghormley, Commander, South Pacific Area and South Pacific Force. In April 1942, he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral.[1]

Callaghan died fighting in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on November 13, 1942.[1] He was the third US Navy admiral killed in action during World War II.[a] While commanding forces that helped turn back a stronger Japanese fleet, an enemy shell exploded on the bridge, killing Callaghan and most of the command crew. He received the Medal of Honor posthumously for his efforts in this battle. The citation read:

For extraordinary heroism and conspicuous intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty during action against enemy Japanese forces off Savo Island on the night of 12–13 November 1942. Although out-balanced in strength and numbers by a desperate and determined enemy, Rear Admiral Callaghan, with ingenious tactical skill and superb coordination of the units under his command, led his forces into battle against tremendous odds, thereby contributing decisively to the rout of a powerful invasion fleet and to the consequent frustration of a formidable Japanese offensive. While faithfully directing close-range operations in the face of furious bombardment by superior enemy fire power, he was killed on the bridge of his Flagship. His courageous initiative, inspiring leadership, and judicious foresight in a crisis of grave responsibility were in keeping with the finest traditions of the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life in the defense of his country.[1]

Following the explosion, Lieutenant-Commander Bruce McCandless (1911–1968) took command and issued orders in Callaghan's name.[9][b] Despite the deaths of so many senior officers, the battle ended in a strategic victory for the Allied side.

Callaghan was buried at sea. He was survived by his wife, Mary Tormey Callaghan,[3] and son, Daniel Judson Callaghan Jr.[2] His brother William Callaghan would later become a US Navy Vice Admiral, first captain of the USS Missouri, and first commander of the Military Sea Transportation Service. Callaghan's son was a Lieutenant (Junior Grade) at the time, and accepted his father's Medal of Honor on his behalf.[2] Apart from the Medal of Honor, Callaghan had been awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.[10][11]

[edit] Legacy

Two US Navy ships have been named after Callaghan: USS Callaghan (DD-792)[12] and USS Callaghan (DDG-994).[13] The first ship was commissioned on November 27, 1943, and was sponsored by Callaghan's widow. It sank on July 28, 1945, as the result of a kamikaze attack.[12] The second ship was commissioned on August 29, 1981,[13] and sold to Taiwan just over 20 years later.[14] Callaghan's name is listed on Tablets of the Missing at Manila American Cemetery in the Philippines.[15] A street, Admiral Callaghan Lane in Vallejo, California, is also named after him. Callaghan Hall at Officer Training Command, Newport, Rhode Island, is also named in his honor.[16]

[edit] See also

World War II portal

[edit] Notes

a. ^  The first two US Navy admirals killed in action during World War II were fellow Rear Admirals Norman Scott, earlier in the same engagement, and Isaac Kidd, killed on the bridge of the USS Arizona at Pearl Harbor.

b. ^  While this would normally have been grave misconduct, McCandless reportedly did so because: (1) he was intimately familiar with the plan of attack and was afraid that there would be mistakes if command passed on to another ship, and (2) he wanted to prevent news of Callaghan's death reaching the enemy (through radio interception). McCandless received the Medal of Honor for his action.[9]

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Naval Historical Center: Rear Admiral Daniel J. Callaghan Retrieved on September 12, 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d Army & Navy – Medals: Signs of action, TIME (December 21, 1942). Retrieved on September 12, 2009
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h History Supplement: Admiral Daniel Callaghan (SI 1907), Genesis IV: The alumni magazine of Saint Ignatius College Preparatory (2005), pp. 32–34. Retrieved on September 8, 2009.
  4. ^ a b Murphy, F. X. (1954): Fighting admiral: The story of Dan Callaghan (Prologue). New York: Vantage. Retrieved on September 8, 2009.
  5. ^ a b Murphy, F. X. (1954): Fighting admiral: The story of Dan Callaghan (Chapter 2). New York: Vantage. Retrieved on September 8, 2009.
  6. ^ a b c d e Murphy, F. X. (1954): Fighting admiral: The story of Dan Callaghan (Chapter 3). New York: Vantage. Retrieved on September 11, 2009.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Murphy, F. X. (1954): Fighting admiral: The story of Dan Callaghan (Chapter 4). New York: Vantage. Retrieved on September 11, 2009.
  8. ^ California Births, 1905–1995 Retrieved on November 13, 2009.
  9. ^ a b Pearson, D. (1942): Naval hero feared court-martial but got Congressional medal, Saint Petersburg Times (December 26, 1942). Retrieved on September 11, 2009.
  10. ^ United States Naval Academy: Medal of Honor recipients – Daniel Judson Callaghan Retrieved on September 12, 2009.
  11. ^ Connors, R. (c. 2001): Rear Admiral Daniel Judson Callaghan Retrieved on September 12, 2009.
  12. ^ a b Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: Callaghan Retrieved on September 12, 2009.
  13. ^ a b Naval Vessel Register: Callaghan (DDG 994) Retrieved on September 12, 2009.
  14. ^ Unofficial US Navy Site: USS Callaghan (DDG 994) Retrieved on September 13, 2009.
  15. ^ Find A Grave: Manila American (ABMC) Cemetery and Memorial Retrieved on September 13, 2009.
  16. ^ Thornbloom, S. A. (2008): CNP visits NAVSTA Newport, NAVY.mil (September 6, 2008). Retrieved on September 12, 2009.

[edit] External links

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