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Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis

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First page of the 1892 edition

Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis (Latin: Smaragda Situ Orbis) was a manuscript written by the Portuguese writer Duarte Pacheco Pereira.

It was dedicated to King Manuel I of Portugal (1495–1521). The work was divided into five parts with a total of fifty nine chapters and around two hundred pages, in 1506 on, as described by the author's own words, "cosmography and seafare". The title name is in Portuguese Latin, it was written in Portuguese and featured geographical coordinates for all known ports at the time.

The manuscript was most likely written between 1505 and 1508 and was finished by 1508.[1][2]

Synopsis

Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis describes itself as "a book of cosmography and navigation".[3] It states that, in addition to the continents of Europe, Africa, and Asia, the world had a "fourth part": i.e., America.[4][5] Eviatar Zerubavel explains that, according to Pacheco Pereira, America encompassed both North and South America.[4]

According to Joaquim Barradas de Carvalho, Pacheco Pereira had likely read texts including Sacrobosco's De sphaera mundi and Pliny's Natural History in preparing Esmeraldo.[6]

The four books

The work is divided into four books, combined in a single volume:

  • Prologue
  • First Book: Discoveries of Henry the Navigator – 33 chapters
  • Second Book: Discoveries of Afonso V – 11 chapters
  • Third Book: Discoveries of John I – 9 chapters
  • Fourth Book: Discoveries of Manuel I – 6 chapters

Duarte Pacheco Pereira references some maps that have disappeared.

It is not clear whether Esmeraldo was finished; it mentions a fifth book, and only a portion of the fourth appears complete.[7]

Study by Jorge Couto

According to a recent study by the Portuguese historian Jorge Couto of the University of Lisbon, the work was lost for four centuries due to the confidential nature of its content. The title was decripted as:

  • "Esmeraldo" - an anagram of the initials in Latin of the names of Manuel (Emmanuel), the ruler and Duarte (Eduardus), the explorer.[clarification needed]
  • De Situ Orbis means "on the Geography of the Globe (the Earth)", the title of a work by Pomponius Mela, an early Roman scientist and prominent geographer who inspired Duarte Pacheco Pereira.[8]

Manuel I considered the nautical, geographic and economic information contained in the work so valuable that he never allowed public access. The work consists of a detailed account of voyages to Brazil and to the coast of Africa, the main source of Portugal's lucrative trade in the 15th century,

Discovery of Brazil

In relation to the Discovery of Brazil, it presents information on the second chapter of the first part. Un summary, it says:

"Como no terceiro ano de vosso reinado do ano de Nosso Senhor de mil quatrocentos e noventa e oito, donde nos vossa Alteza mandou descobrir a parte ocidental, passando além a grandeza do mar Oceano, onde é achada e navegada uma tam grande terra firme, com muitas e grandes ilhas adjacentes a ela e é grandemente povoada. Tanto se dilata sua grandeza e corre com muita longura, que de uma arte nem da outra não foi visto nem sabido o fim e cabo dela. É achado nela muito e fino brasil com outras muitas cousas de que os navios nestes Reinos vem grandemente povoados."[9]

Translation into English:

"As in the third year of your reign in the year of Our Lord one thousand four hundred and ninety-eight, whence your Highness sent to discover the western part, passing beyond the greatness of the Ocean sea, where such a great land is found and navigated, with many large islands adjacent to it and is heavily populated. Its grandeur expands so much and runs with great length, that one art or the other has not been seen, nor its end and end known. It is found in it very fine Brazil with many other things that ships in these Kingdoms are heavily populated."

It is the first portuguese manuscript that mentioned the coast of Brazil and the abundance of brazilwood (Cesalpina echinata) in existence at the time. In the South Atlantic between the Oceanic islands presented, with its "ladezas" (latitudes) known at the time:

Also in the South Atlantic it omits the other islands of Saint Helena and what is currently called Ascension Island.

A secret manuscript

The manuscript was so rare in fact, that in 1573 a copy was secretly sent to Philip II of Spain by the Italian spy Giovanni Gesio, under the service of the Spanish ambassador in Lisbon. For the mission, Gesio was regally rewarded with a copy as the payment for his services, a copy which is now at the library of El Escorial Monastery in Spain.

Esmeraldo de situ orbis was composed between 1505 and 1508 but remained unpublished until the 19th century.[10] Several editions have been published, in Portuguese, French, and English.[11] They are based on two earlier Portuguese editions: one at the Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal and another at a library in Évora.[11] The original manuscript has not survived.[11]

According to one of the most important biographers of Duarte Pacheco Pereira, Portuguese historian Joaquim Barradas de Carvalho who lived in exile in Brazil in the 1960s, the title "Esmeraldo de situ orbis", more than a travel script, the work was an erudition of all the knowledge of amounted navigations by the Portuguese in the 15th and 16th centuries.

References

  1. ^ Zerubavel 1992, p. 44.
  2. ^ Fage 1980, p. 46.
  3. ^ Kimble 1937, p. 90.
  4. ^ a b Zerubavel 1992, p. 79.
  5. ^ Vigneras, Louis-André (1976). The Discovery of South America and the Andalusian Voyages. University of Chicago Press. p. 142. OCLC 468798294.
  6. ^ Barradas de Carvalho, Joaquim (1984). "Sur la spécifité de la Renaissance portugaise". L'humanisme portugais et l'Europe (in French). Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. p. 69. OCLC 1150211893.
  7. ^ Kimble 1937, p. 91.
  8. ^ Diffie, Bailey (1977). Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816607826. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
  9. ^ Original: Bemauenturado Príncipe, temos sabido e visto como no terceiro anno de vosso Reinado do hanno de nosso senhor de 1498, donde nos vossa alteza mandou descobrir a parte oucidental, passando alem ha grandeza do mar oceano, onde he achada a navegada hûa tão grande terra firme, com muitas e grandes ilhas ajacentes a ella, que se estende a setente graaos de ladeza da linha equinoçial contra ho pollo artico e posto que seja asaz fora, he grandemente pouorada, e do mesmo circulo equinocial torna outra vez e vay alem em vinte e oito graaos e meo de ladeza contra ho pollo antartico, e tanto se dilata sua grandeza e corre com muita longura, que de hûa parte nem da outra foy visto nem sabido ho fim e cabo della; pello qual segundo ha hordem que leua, he certo que vay en cercoyto por toda a Redondeza.
  10. ^ Zerubavel 1992, p. 80.
  11. ^ a b c Fage 1980, p. 49.

Sources

Further reading

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