John I of Portugal

"João I" redirects here. For the king of Kongo, see João I of Kongo.

John I João I
King of Portugal and the Algarve
Reign	6 April 1385 – 14 August 1433 (&1000000000000004800000048 years, &10000000000000130000000130 days)
Predecessor	Ferdinand I
Successor	Edward
Spouse	Philippa of Lancaster
Issue
Edward, King of Portugal Peter, Duke of Coimbra Henry the Navigator Infanta Isabella, Duchess of Burgundy John, Lord of Reguengos de Monsaraz Fernando, the Saint Prince Afonso, 1st Duke of Braganza (natural son) Beatrice, Countess of Arundel (natural daughter)
House	House of Aviz
Father	Peter I of Portugal
Mother	Teresa Lourenço
Born	11 April 1358 Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Died	14 August 1433(1433-08-14) (aged 75) Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
Burial	Chapel of the Founder, Monastery of Batalha, Batalha, District of Leiria, Portugal
Religion	Roman Catholicism

John I KG (Portuguese: João I [ʒuˈɐ̃w̃]; Lisbon, São João da Praça (extinct), 11 April 1358 – Lisbon, Castle, 14 August 1433) was King of Portugal and the Algarve in 1385–1433. He was called the Good (sometimes the Great) or of Happy Memory, more rarely and outside Portugal, in Spain, the Bastard, and was the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta.

Biography

John was the natural son of Peter I by a woman named Teresa, who Fernão Lopes wrote she was a noble Galician. In the eighteenth century, António Caetano de Sousa found a document on Torre do Tombo, of the sixteenth century, where she was named Teresa Lourenço. In 1364, by request of D. Nuno Freire de Andrade, a galician Grand Master of the Order of Christ, he was created Grand Master of the Order of Aviz, by which title he was known. He became king in 1385, after the 1383–1385 Crisis.

On the death of his half-brother Ferdinand I without a male heir in October 1383, strenuous efforts were made to secure the succession for princess Beatrice, Ferdinand's only daughter. As heiress presumptive, Beatrice had married king John I of Castile, but popular sentiment was against an arrangement in which Portugal would have become virtually annexed by Castile. The 1383–1385 Crisis followed, a period of political anarchy, when no monarch ruled the country.

On 6 April 1385, the council of the kingdom (the Portuguese Cortes) met in Coimbra and declared John, then Master of Aviz, king of Portugal. This was followed by the liberation of almost all Minho only in two months, on the war against Castile and its claims to the Portuguese throne. Soon after, the king of Castile invaded again Portugal with the purpose of conquering Lisbon and removing John I from the throne. John I of Castile was accompanied by French allied cavalry while English troops and generals took the side of John (see Hundred Years' War). John I and Nuno Álvares Pereira, his loyal Constable and talented supporter, repelled the attack on the decisive Battle of Aljubarrota (14 August 1385), where the Castilian army was virtually annihilated. John I of Castile then retreated. The Castilian forces abandoned Santarém, Torres Vedras, Torres Novas, many other towns were delivered to John I by Portuguese nobles from the Castilian side and the stability of the Portuguese throne was permanently secured.

On 11 February 1387, John I married Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, who had proved to be a worthy ally, consolidating the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance that endures to the present day.

The wedding of João I of Portugal, 11 February 1387 with Philippa of Lancaster, by XV Century painter and manuscript illuminator from around Lille, now in France, the Master of Wavrin, a.k.a. Master of Jean Wavrin

After the death of John I of Castile in 1390, without leaving issue by Beatrice, John I of Portugal ruled in peace and pursued the economic development of the country. The only significant military action was the siege and conquest of the city of Ceuta in 1415. By this step he aimed to control navigation of the African coast. But in the broader perspective, this was the first step opening the Arabian world to medieval Europe, which in fact led to the Age of Discovery with Portuguese explorers sailing across the whole world.

Contemporaneous writers describe John as a man of wit, very keen on concentrating power on himself, but at the same time with a benevolent and kind personality. His youthful education as master of a religious order made him an unusually learned king for the Middle Ages. His love for knowledge and culture was passed to his sons, often collectively referred to by Portuguese historians as the "illustrious generation" (Ínclita Geração): Edward, the future king, was a poet and a writer; Peter, the duke of Coimbra, was one of the most learned princes of his time; and Prince Henry the Navigator, the duke of Viseu, invested heavily in science and the development of nautical pursuits. In 1430, John's only surviving daughter, Isabella, married Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and enjoyed an extremely refined court culture in his lands; she was the mother of Charles the Bold.

Marriages and descendants

John I married in Porto on 2 February 1387 Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Blanche of Lancaster. From that marriage were born several famous princes and princesses of Portugal (infantes) that became known as the Illustrious Generation<<Dudenha>> (Portuguese: Ínclita Geração).

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
By Philippa of Lancaster (1359– 19 July 1415; married on 2 February 1387)
Infanta Blanche	13 July 1388	6 March 1389
Infante Afonso	30 July 1390	22 December 1400
King Edward	31 October 1391	13 September 1438	Who succeeded him as King of Portugal.
Infante Peter	9 December 1392	20 May 1449	Duke of Coimbra. Died in the Battle of Alfarrobeira.
Infante Henry	4 March 1394	13 November 1460	Known as Henry the Navigator. Duke of Viseu and Grand-Master of the Order of Christ.
Infanta Isabella	21 February 1397	11 December 1471	Duchess Consort of Burgundy by marriage to Philip III, Duke of Burgundy.
Infanta Blanche	11 April 1398	27 July 1398
Infante John	13 January 1400	18 October 1442	Constable of the Kingdom and grandfather of Isabella I of Castile.
Infante Ferdinand	29 September 1402	5 June 1443	Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. Died in captivity in Fes, Morocco.
By Inês Peres (c. 1350–1400?)
Afonso	10 August 1377	15 December 1461	Natural son and 1st Duke of Braganza.
Branca	1378	1379	Natural daughter.
Beatrice	c. 1382	25 October 1439	Natural daughter. Countess of Arundel by marriage to Thomas Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel. Countess of Huntingdon by marriage to John Holland, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, later Duke of Exeter.

John I of Portugal House of Aviz Cadet branch of the Portuguese House of Burgundy Born: 11 April 1358 Died: 14 August 1433
Regnal titles
Preceded by Ferdinand I	King of Portugal and the Algarve 1385 – 1433	Succeeded by Edward

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

References

• Williamson, D. 1988. ‘’Debrett’s Kings and Queens of Europe’’

• ANA ECHEVARRÍA ARSUAGA: "CATALINA DE LANCASTER", edit. Nerea, 2002. ISBN 84-89569-79-7). Graduated at the University of madrid and a dr. at the University of Edinburgh, England, she teaches med¡ieval history at the UNED University, Spain.