Falls of Foyers
| Falls of Foyers | |
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 Falls of Foyers | |
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| Location | Loch Ness, Highland, Scotland |
| Coordinates | 57°14′55″N 4°29′34″W / 57.24862°N 4.49269°W |
| Total height | 62 m |
The Fall of Foyers (Scottish Gaelic: Eas na Smùide, meaning the smoking falls) is a waterfall on the River Foyers, which feeds Loch Ness, in Highland, Scotland, United Kingdom. It is located on the lower portion of the River Foyers, and drops 165 feet (50 m).
History
The flow over the falls has been much reduced since 1895 when North British Aluminium Company built an aluminium smelting plant on the shore of Loch Ness which was powered by electricity generated by the river. Artist Mary Rose Hill Burton, who was active in the unsuccessful resistance against the smelting plant, made many drawings and paintings of the falls before the plant was built, to capture the landscape in nature before it was lost.[1][2]
Aluminium was first recognised in the early 1800s, and processes for extracting it from Bauxite ore were developed during the nineteenth century. The most promising was the Heroult-Hall process, separately developed by P T L Heroult in France and C M Hall in America in 1886-1887, but it required large amounts of electricity. The rights to using the process in Britain were obtained by the British Aluminium Company, which was formed in 1894. To produce a ton of aluminium required around 24 MWh of power, and the idea of obtaining cheap hydro-electrity to produce it was suggested. The company identified the Falls of Foyers as a possible site, and bought the Lower Foyers estate, covering some 8,000 acres (32 km2), together with water rights from neighouring areas. This allowed them to create a hydro-electric scheme without needing to obtain Parliamentary approval, and to ignore public opposition to the effects it would have on local amenities. The River Foyers ran through a gorge to the almost vertical Lower Falls, which was a beauty spot, and was a stopping point for tourists using the MacBrayne pleasure steamers running along the Caledonian Canal from Fort William to Inverness.[3]
Construction began in 1895. Loch Garth was modified by a concrete and masonry dam at its south-western end, together with an earth embankment. This raised the water level by 20 feet (6.1 m), resulting in it joining Loch Farraline, and the combined storage reservoir, which was 4.5 miles (7.2 km) long, was renamed Loch Mhòr. Water from the reservoir was conveyed along the original course of the River Foyers to the top of the Upper Falls of Foyers. From there a tunnel was cut trough solid rock for 0.5 miles (0.80 km) and the water continued through cast iron pipes to the generating station. The pipes were 30 inches (76 cm) in diameter, and were laid in a trench, to be covered with sand. This provided a head of 350 feet (110 m) to the turbines, and although there was some debate as to whether cast iron pipes could withstand such pressure, no issues were experienced. The water drove five Girard turbines connected to Oerlikon direct current generators, which could produce a total of 3.75 MW. This was sufficient for the production of aluminium, and some 200 tons per year were produced from June 1896. It was a new product, and with production exceeding demand, the power was also used to produce calcium carbide, and experiments were carried out to manufacture ferro-silicon, carborundum, cerium, magnesium, and precious stones.[4]
The plant at Foyers steadily improved in efficiency, as the Heroult-Hall process was refined, and by 1904, world demand for aluminium had increased suffiently that production of calcium carbide ceased, and the plant only produced aluminium.[4] The plant shut in 1967.
In 1975 the site became part of the Foyers Pumped Storage Power Station on the banks of Loch Ness. It uses Loch Mhòr as the upper reservoir and Loch Ness as the lower reservoir. The scheme has a capacity of 305 MegaWatts and comprises two 150 MW generating sets located at the bottom of elliptical shafts which are 165 feet (50.2 m) deep. The turbines are controlled remotely from a control centre in Perth, and when there is a sudden increase in demand for electricity, the plant can start generating 300 MW within 30 seconds, using 200 tonnes of water per second. At periods of low demand, the turbines are run in reverse, taking power from the grid to pump water from Loch Ness back into Loch Mhòr, ready for the next period of high demand. In order to allow back pumping, water for the power station no longer uses the course of the river, but is fed through 2 miles (3.2 km) of pipes and tunnels which run to the station from Loch Mhòr.[5]
The falls influenced Robert Addams, a travelling lecturer in natural philosophy, to write a paper in 1834 about the motion aftereffect.[1] He observed that after watching the waterfall for a while, nearby rocks appeared to move upwards.[6]
References
Media related to Fall of Foyers at Wikimedia Commons
- ^
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "Foyers, Fall of". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne. - ^ MAE Waterfalls
- ^ Janice Helland, "Artistic Advocate: Mary Rose Hill Burton and the Falls of Foyers," Scottish Economic and Social History 17(November 1997): 127-147.
- ^ James Britten, "The Falls of Foyers," Nature Notes: The Selborne Society's Magazine 6(69)(September 1895): p. 162.
- ^ Payne 1988, pp. 4–5.
- ^ a b Payne 1988, p. 5.
- ^ "Foyers". Scottish and Southern Energy. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
- ^ Nikolova & Wade 2019.
Bibliography
- Nikolova, Niia; Wade, Nick (9 June 2019). "Waterfall illusion: Still objects seem to move". EarthSky. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022.
- Payne, Peter L (1988). The Hydro. Aberdeen University Press. ISBN 978-0-08-036584-8.