Fat-tailed dunnart
| Fat-tailed dunnart[1] | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Infraclass: | Marsupialia |
| Order: | Dasyuromorphia |
| Family: | Dasyuridae |
| Genus: | Sminthopsis |
| Species: | S. crassicaudata
|
| Binomial name | |
| Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Gould, 1844)
| |
| |
| Fat-tailed dunnart range | |
The fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) is a species of mouse-like marsupial of the Dasyuridae, the family that includes the little red kaluta, quolls, and the Tasmanian devil. It has an average body length of 60–90 millimeters (2.4–3.5 in) with a tail of 45–70 millimeters (1.8–2.8 in). Ear length is 14–16 millimeters (0.55–0.63 in). One of the smallest carnivorous marsupials, its weight varies between 10–20 grams (0.35–0.71 oz). The tail becomes fat a few mm from the proximal end and remains so right up to the tip. The dunnart has trichromat vision, similar to some other marsupials as well as primates but unlike most mammals which have dichromat vision. The dunnart is often eaten by other carnivores, including invasive foxes and cats, as well as other feral animals that live among its environment.
Distribution and habitat
The range of S. crassicaudata in Australia is in diverse habitats except for the Kimberley region of Western Australia and northern Northern Territory like Arnhem Land and Kakadu National Park, but avoids the Wannon and Mallee scrub habitats in Victoria. In the northeast of Victoria, the species can also be found in grassy woodlands and samphire shrublands. The subspecies S. c. crassicaudata is in the Epping Forest National Park in Queensland. S. c. ferruginea is found around Lake Eyre in South Australia. S. c. centralis is found in Killalpannina (as Killalpanima, Lake Eyre East), SA.Fat tailed dunnarts can be found in most deserts in Australia, e.g. the Simpson Desert and Gibson Desert.
The habitats in which the species can be found include sparse grasslands, open shrublands and farmlands where there is considerable bare land. The impact of unimproved farming has been positive for this species as the type of habitat created is suitable to this dunnart's requirements, but intensive agriculture is seen as a negative factor for the species.
Social organisation and breeding
This species breeds from July to February, with the young in the pouch from July to April (Morton 1978b). Gestation is for 13 days and the young remain in the pouch for 70 days with litter size on average 7.5 with a 33% infant death rate. They generally have two litters per year with females not breeding for the first year. The average life span of the females is 18 months, and males 15 months.
Diet
The fat-tailed dunnart's diet includes insects such as beetles, spiders, small reptiles, and amphibians. It stores fat reserves in its carrot-shaped tail for times of food shortage.
Survival
The fat-tailed dunnart can survive in extreme, semi-arid environments. This is due to various physiological and behavioral characteristics. First, this marsupial is nocturnal and functions within a 24-hour circadian rhythm.[3] During the nighttime it is protected from high temperatures that cause energy loss. While awake, it spends the majority of its time feeding. Every night it consumes approximately its own body weight of food.[3] During periods of food shortage it decreases its duration of activity while also increasing its intensity of feeding.[4] It uses specialized, sharp teeth to grind its prey into fine pieces. This increases its ability to obtain nutrients from its prey. It has a high rate of digestion and can use fat stored in its tail as an energy source.[3]
Another survival technique that it uses is daily torpor. It lowers its body temperature and metabolic rate,[5] in order to reduce energy expenditure. Torpor is unaffected by alterations in photoperiod but is greatly affected by environmental conditions. Two conditions must occur in order for the fat-tailed dunnart to use daily torpor: low ambient temperatures and food shortage.[3][6] There are seasonal variations in torpidity. They use it more often in the winter because food is scarce and it requires more energy to maintain a high constant body temperature. During torpor, the body temperature can drop as low as 14.6 °C.[5][7] This species does not use torpor for extended periods of time, thus the heart rate is variable and does not reach a steady state, such as seen in long-term torpidators. This species is unique in that it can use torpor during development and reproduction. Even during lactation a female is capable of entering daily torpor without affecting the offspring.[8][9]
Coupled with the daily torpor is a process called re-warming. The re-warming process demands a high amount of energy in order to raise the body temperature.[9] After awaking from a torpid state, these marsupials actively seek out areas in which they can bask in the sun to aid in this process.[10]
Nesting is also used as a behavioral survival technique. During times of cold temperatures, the fat-tailed dunnart shares nests with rodent species such as the household mouse, Mus musculus, to conserve heat. This is unusual because the fat-tailed dunnart preys upon these mice during less extreme conditions.[3] Group nesting is observed only during times of non-breeding.[11]
References
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Burbidge, A.; Robinson, T.; Ellis, M.; Dickman, C.; Menkhorst, P.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Sminthopsis crassicaudata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40541A21948539. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40541A21948539.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Tyndale-Biscoe, Hugh (2005). Life of Marsupials. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0-643-06257-2.
- ^ Crowcroft, Peter; Gillian K. Godfrey (Feb 1968). "The daily cycle of activity in two species of Sminthopsis (Marsupial: Dasyuridae)". Journal of Comparative Physiology & Biochemistry. 73 (1). British Ecological Society: 63–73.
- ^ a b Warnecke, Lisa; James Turner; Fritz Geiser (2008). "Torpor and basking in a small arid zone marsupial". Naturwissenschaften. 95 (1): 73–78. doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0293-4. PMID 17684718. S2CID 21993888.
- ^ Holloway, J.C.; F. Geiser (1996). "Reproductive status and torpor of the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata: Effect of photoperiod". Journal of Thermal Biology. 21 (6): 373–380. doi:10.1016/S0306-4565(96)00023-X.
- ^ Geiser, F.; R.V. Baudinette (1987). "Seasonality of torpor and thermoregulation in three dasyurid marsupials". Journal of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry. 157 (3). Springer Verlag: 335–344. doi:10.1007/bf00693360. S2CID 21910289.
- ^ Zosky, G.R. (Aug 2002). "The parasympathetic nervous system: its role during torpor in the fat-tailed dunnart ('Sminthopsis craussicaudata")'". Journal of Comparative Physiology & Biochemistry. 172 (7). Springer Verlag: 677–684. doi:10.1007/s00360-002-0295-7. PMID 12444466. S2CID 11353598.
- ^ a b Geiser, F.; Christian, Nereda; Cooper, Christine; Krtner, Gerhard; McAllan, Bronwyn M; Pavey, Chris; Turner, James M.; Warnecke, Lisa; Willis, Craig K. R.; Brigham, R. Mark (6 Aug 2008). "Torpor in marsupials: recent advances". In Lovegrove, B.; McKechnie A. E. (eds.). 13th International Hibernation Symposium 2008. Swakopmund, Namibia: University of KwaZulu-Natal. pp. 297–307.
- ^ Warnecke, Lisa; Fritz Geiser (2010). "The energetics of basking behavior and torpor in small marsupial exposed to stimulated natural conditions". Journal of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry. 180 (3): 437–445. doi:10.1007/s00360-009-0417-6. PMID 19888581. S2CID 24634854.
- ^ Morton, S.R. (Aug 1978). "Torpor and Nest-Sharing in Free-Living Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Marsupialia) and Mus musculus (Rodentia)". Journal of Mammalogy. 53 (3). American Society of Mammalogist: 569–575. doi:10.2307/1380234. JSTOR 1380234.
- Menkhorst, Peter W. (1995). Mammals of Victoria. Oxford Press. ISBN 0-19-553733-5.