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Garry Nolan

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Garry P. Nolan (born c. 1961) is an American immunologist, academic, inventor, and business executive. He holds the Rachford and Carlota A. Harris Professor Endowed Chair in the Department of Pathology at Stanford University School of Medicine.[1][2]

Education

Nolan graduated from Cornell University with a BS in biology with a specialization in genetics. He received his PhD in genetics from Stanford University under Leonard Herzenberg before doing post-doctoral work with David Baltimore at MIT, where he researched the development of rapid retroviral production system and the cloning of the NF-κB p65/ RelA DNA regulatory factor.[2]

Research

His areas of research include autoimmunity and inflammation, cancer and leukemia, hematopoiesis, and using computation for network and systems immunology.[2][3] He is perhaps best known for his early work in the Baltimore lab at the Whitehead Institute, where he worked on developing rapid retroviral production for gene therapy.[4] He also developed cloning of the RELA transcription factor, a key regulator in immune response genes and a principal cellular component that HIV uses to replicate itself. Nearly all gene therapy using retroviruses or lentiviruses is done using 293-based cell lines per that protocol. Other major projects he has worked on include phospho-flow signaling development (now licensed to Becton-Dickinson), FACS-gal (owned by Thermo Fisher), CyTOF multiparameter analysis, algorithmic approaches to analyzing complex single-cell datasets,[5] proof that the NFAT transcription factor is both a REL protein and a key determinant in HIV replication,[6][7] and develop of multiplexing technologies for tissue analysis, such as MIBI and CODEX, and the algorithmic approaches needed to understand them.[8][9] As of 2022, his lab works on several FDA-supported projects for Ebola,[10] influenza, Zika virus, and COVID-19, as well as continuing Nolan's immune-tumor interface in many human cancers.

Companies

In 1996, Nolan founded the biotechnology company Rigel, Inc. with colleagues Donald Payan, James Gower, Thomas Raffin, and Ronald Garren in South San Francisco.[11] In 2003, he established the biotech company Nodality, Inc., which develops "personalized tests for cancer and autoimmune diseases."[12][2] Big data company BINA Technology was founded in 2010 and bought out by Roche in 2014 for $107 million.[13][14][15] In 2011, he founded Apprise, which focused on cell analysis using split-pool technology. Nolan later sold Apprise to Roche, with whom he co-founded another startup, Scale Bio, which also focuses on split-pool technology.[16] Along with three postdocs, Sean Bendall, Michael Angelo, and Harris Feinberg, Nolan founded Ionpath in 2014. This company is active in spatial proteomics.[17][18] In 2015, with postdocs Yury Goltsev and Nikolay Samusik, he founded Akoya Biosciences, which commercializes Nolan's co-Detection by indexing (CODEX) technology.[19][20]

Awards and honors

Nolan has received numerous awards and fellowships and is one of the top twenty-five inventors at Stanford University.[citation needed] Among many awards and honors, the notable ones are given below:[2]

Bibliography

Research papers

Nolan has authored more than 300 research papers. The most-cited[according to whom?] ones are given below:[2]

  • Cloning of the p50 DNA binding subunit of NF-κB: homology to rel and dorsal (1990)
  • DNA binding and IκB inhibition of the cloned p65 subunit of NF-κB, a rel-related polypeptide (1991)
  • Production of high-titer helper-free retroviruses by transient transfection (1993)
  • NF-AT components define a family of transcription factors targeted in T-cell activation (1994)
  • Episomal vectors rapidly and stably produce high-titer recombinant retrovirus (1996)
  • Single cell profiling of potentiated phospho-protein networks in cancer cells (2004)
  • Causal protein-signaling networks derived from multiparameter single-cell data (2005)
  • Computational solutions to large-scale data management and analysis (2010)
  • Single-cell mass cytometry of differential immune and drug responses across a human hematopoietic continuum (2011)
  • Extracting a cellular hierarchy from high-dimensional cytometry data with SPADE (2011)
  • A deep profiler's guide to cytometry (2012)
  • viSNE enables visualization of high dimensional single-cell data and reveals phenotypic heterogeneity of leukemia (2013)
  • Multiplexed ion beam imaging of human breast tumors (2014)
  • Data-driven phenotypic dissection of AML reveals progenitor-like cells that correlate with prognosis (2015)
  • Mass cytometry: single cells, many features (2016)
  • Science forum: the human cell atlas (2017)
  • Deep Profiling of Mouse Splenic Architecture with CODEX Multiplexed Imaging (2018)
  • Coordinated Cellular Neighborhoods Orchestrate Antitumoral Immunity at the Colorectal Cancer Invasive Front (2020)
See also: Ufology § Protoscience

In 2012, Nolan began analysis on the Atacama skeleton, a suspected alien corpse from Chile, which he later revealed to be a mummified human stillbirth with genetic bone defects and gene mutation causing deformity.[22][23][24][25][26]

He was later approached by officials and an aerospace corporation to "help them understand the medical harm that had come to some individuals, related to supposed interactions with an anomalous craft." He was chosen primarily for the types of blood analysis his lab can perform.[27] Initially via CyTOF blood analysis, he helped investigate the brains of around 100 patients, mostly "defense or governmental personnel or people working in the aerospace industry", of which a subset claimed to have seen unexplained aerial phenomena (UAP). The majority exhibited symptoms that were "basically identical to what's now called Havana syndrome" and had their brains scanned via MRI. Nolan stated that some of the brains were horribly damaged and that "what we thought was the damage across multiple individuals" turned out to be a "over-connection of neurons between the head of the caudate and the putamen" which he claims was disproportionate in this cohort compared to the general population[clarification needed]. Others have independently verified the role of the caudate in intelligence and planning.[28][29] This brain characteristic was something subjects were born with for multiple individuals in this subset.[3]

Nolan is the lead author of the first study published in a peer-reviewed journal about anomalous materials associated with UFOs. The article reviews modern analytic procedures, including mass spectrometry, for characterization, analysis, and identification of unknown materials and how such have been applied thus far to study materials that, according to witnesses, dropped from hovering UFOs such as materials of the 1977 Council Bluffs incident.[30][1][31] Since the formation of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force in 2020, multiple publications have reported on Nolan's involvement with The Pentagon and the CIA investigating samples of materials supposedly ejected at purported sites of UFO sightings.[31][1]

Nolan appeared on Fox News' Tucker Carlson Tonight[32] show on August 1st 2022, during which he discussed his UAP related research in an hour long interview.

References

  1. ^ a b c Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (30 April 2021). "How the Pentagon Started Taking U.F.O.s Seriously". The New Yorker. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Garry Nolan". Stanford University. n.d. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  3. ^ a b Campion, Thobey (10 December 2021). "Stanford Professor Garry Nolan Is Analyzing Anomalous Materials From UFO Crashes". Vice. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  4. ^ Pear, W.S.; Scott, M.L.; Nolan, G.P. (1997). "Generation of high-titer, helper-free retroviruses by transient transfection". Methods in Molecular Medicine (7): 41–57. doi:10.1385/0-89603-484-4:41. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  5. ^ Bendall, Sean C.; Simonds, Erin F.; Qiu, Peng; et al. (2011). "Single-Cell Mass Cytometry of Differential Immune and Drug Responses Across a Human Hematopoietic Continuum". Science. 332 (6030): 687–696. doi:10.1126/science.1198704. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  6. ^ Kinoshita, S.; Su, Lu; Amano, M.; Timmerman, L.A.; Kanesima, H.; Nolan, G.P. (1997). "The T cell activation factor NF-ATc positively regulates HIV-1 replication and gene expression in T cells". Immunity. 6 (3): 235–244. doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80326-x. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  7. ^ Nolan, G.P. (1994). "NF-AT-AP-1 and Rel-bZIP: hybrid vigor and binding under the influence". Cell. 77 (6): 795–798. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90126-0. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  8. ^ Angelo, Michael; Bendall, Sean C.; Finck, Rachel; et al. (2 March 2014). "Multiplexed ion beam imaging of human breast tumors". Nature Medicine. 20: 436–442. doi:10.1038/nm.3488. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  9. ^ Goltsev, Yury; Samusik, Nikolay; Kennedy-Darling, Julia; et al. (9 August 2018). "Deep Profiling of Mouse Splenic Architecture with CODEX Multiplexed Imaging". Cell. 174 (4): 968–981. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.010. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  10. ^ "Survivor Studies: Better Understanding Ebola's After-Effects to Help Find New Treatments". FDA. n.d. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  11. ^ "Rigel Pharmaceuticals Inc". Wall Street Journal. 2022. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  12. ^ Jarvis, Lisa M. (29 March 2010). "Nodality Wins Backing From Pfizer Venture". C&EN. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  13. ^ Jorgensen, Max (15 September 2021). "DeciBio's Spatial Omics Q&A with Garry Nolan of Stanford University". Decibio. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  14. ^ Proffitt, Allison (19 December 2014). "Roche Acquires Bina Technologies' Powerful Genome Analysis Platform". Bio IT World. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  15. ^ McCormick, Jason (23 December 2014). "Roche Acquires Bina Technologies' Powerful Genome Analysis Platform". BizJournals. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  16. ^ Han, Andrew P. (22 July 2021). "Scale Biosciences, Still in Stealth Mode, to Develop Single-Cell, Spatial Biology Tech". Genome Web. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  17. ^ Ji, Andrew L.; Rubin, Adam J.; Thrane, Kim; et al. (23 July 2020). "Multimodal Analysis of Composition and Spatial Architecture in Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma". Cell. 182 (6): 1661–1662. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.039.
  18. ^ "About". IONPATH. n.d. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  19. ^ Schubarth, Cromwell (16 April 2021). "Biomea Fusion, Akoya Biosciences raise $285 million in IPOs". BizJournals. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  20. ^ Akoya Biosciences (1 September 2021). "Spatial Phenotyping Adds a New Dimension to Discovery Biology". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  21. ^ Conger, Krista (19 November 2012). "Nolan wins funds to 'map' lineages in ovarian cancer cells". Stanford University. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  22. ^ Zimmer, Carl (22 March 2018). "Was a Tiny Mummy in the Atacama an Alien? No, but the Real Story Is Almost as Strange". New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  23. ^ Check Hayden, Erika (22 March 2018). "Tiny Mummy's 'Alien' Appearance Finally Explained". National Geographic. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  24. ^ Warren, Matt (22 March 2018). "This strange 'alien' skeleton is actually a human fetus with genetic bone defects". Science. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  25. ^ Strickland, Ashley (22 March 2018). "Researchers finally solve mystery of 'alien' skeleton". CNN. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  26. ^ Armitage, Hanae (22 March 2018). "Mysterious skeleton shows molecular complexity of bone diseases". Stanford University. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  27. ^ Brooks, Jon (14 June 2021). "UFOs: SETI Astronomer, Stanford Researcher, Aerospace Expert Weigh In". KQED. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  28. ^ Bick, Sarah K.; Patel, Shaun R.; Katnani, Husam A.; et al. (1 October 2019). "Caudate stimulation enhances learning". Brain. 142 (10): 2930–2937. doi:10.1093/brain/awz254. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  29. ^ Grazioplene, Rachael G.; Ryman, Sephira G.; Gray, Jeremy R.; et al. (2015). "Subcortical intelligence: Caudate volume predicts IQ in healthy adults". Human Brain Mapping. 36: 1407–1416. doi:10.1002/hbm.22710. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  30. ^ Nolan, Garry P.; Vallee, Jacques F.; Jiang, Sizun; Lemke, Larry G.; et al. (1 January 2011). "Improved instrumental techniques, including isotopic analysis, applicable to the characterization of unusual materials with potential relevance to aerospace forensics". Progress in Aerospace Sciences. 128. doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2021.100788. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  31. ^ a b Virk, Rizwam (16 April 2021). "The U.S. military takes UFOs seriously. Why doesn't Silicon Valley or academia?". NBC News. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  32. ^ Episode dated August 1st 2022, Tucker Carlson Tonight, 1 August 2022, retrieved 17 August 2022
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