Great Freeze
The Great Freeze refers to the winter of 1894-1895, especially in Florida where the brutally cold weather destroyed much of the nation's citrus crop. It was also known for wiping out the Royal Palm tree from central Florida.
[edit] Weather Records
Orlando, Florida reached an all-time record low of 18 °F (−8 °C) on Dec. 29, 1894. This cold front continued to West Palm Beach, where the all-time record low of 24 °F (−4 °C) is two degrees cooler than their next-coldest winter.
In the second cold wave, West Palm Beach recorded a monthly record low of 27 °F (−3 °C) on Feb 9, 1895, the third-coldest year on record, 26 °F (−3 °C) in 1905, was second.
[edit] Events
There were actually twin freezes in Florida during this momentous season, the first in December 1894 and the second in February 1895. The first did not actually kill a lot of groves, but did cause them to produce new shoots. So, when the second, harder freeze came a few months later, the effects were even more devastating. All varieties of fruit (oranges, grapefruits, lemons, limes, etc.) blackened on the trees, and bark split from top to bottom.[1] These effects were felt as far south as the Manatee River, below Tampa.[2]
Up to 1895, the cheap abundance of semi-tropical citrus groves extended into northern Florida and were producing as much as 6 million boxes of fruit per year.[3] After the Great Freeze, however, production plummeted to just 100,000 boxes and did not break the 1 million mark again until 1901.[4] As a result, land values also dropped in the citrus growing areas from $1,000 per acre ($26,312 in 2011 dollars) to as little as $10 ($263 in 2011 dollars) per acre. Many compared the economic impact of the Great Freeze on Florida to the effects of the Great Fire on the city of Chicago.[5]
In the wake of the Great Freeze, many planters simply abandoned their Florida groves in search of frost-free locations in places as far away as Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica.[6]
Others relocated to California, utilizing a seedless variety of grapefruit discovered by C.M. Marsh near Lakeland, Florida. He was able to harvest 10,000 buds before the Great Freeze that were later propagated by west coast growers with great success.[7]
Growers who were not able to abandon the region were forced to try their hands at growing other crops, which had the positive result of diversifying Florida's agriculture. For instance, Palatka became particularly well-known for its potato crop in the years following the Great Freeze; and Sanford was closely identified with celery.[8]
[edit] References
- ^ Type Studies from the Geography of the United States by Charles Alexander McMurry, Macmillan & Company, 1908, page 81.
- ^ Cyclopedia of American Horticulture by Liberty Hyde Bailey, Macmillan Company, 1901, page 1154.
- ^ McMurry, page 81.
- ^ Bailey, page 1155.
- ^ McMurry, page 82.
- ^ Southern Agriculture by Franklin Sumner Earle, The Macmillan Company, 1908, page 245.
- ^ The Journal of Heredity, American Genetic Association, 1916, page 524.
- ^ McMurry, page 83.
