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Grunya Sukhareva

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Grunya Sukhareva
Born(1891-11-11)11 November 1891
Kiev, Russian Empire
Died26 April 1981(1981-04-26) (aged 89)
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
EducationKiev Women's Medical Institute
Known forWriting on autism
Medical career
ProfessionChild psychiatrist
InstitutionsCentral Institute of Advanced Medical Studies
Sub-specialtiesPediatrics
ResearchAutism

Grunya Efimovna Sukhareva (Груня Ефимовна Сухарева, [ˈɡrunʲə jɪˈfʲiməvnə ˈsuxɐrʲɪvə], alternative transliteration Suchareva) (11 November 1891 – 26 April 1981[1]) was a Soviet child psychiatrist. She was the first to publish a detailed description of autistic symptoms in 1925.[2] The original paper was in Russian and published in German a year later. Sula Wolff translated it in 1996 for the English-speaking world.[3][4]

She initially used the term "schizoid psychopathy", "schizoid" meaning "eccentric" at the time, but later replaced it with "autistic (pathological avoidant) psychopathy" to describe the clinical picture of autism. The article was created almost two decades before the case reports of Hans Asperger and Leo Kanner, which were published while Sukhareva's pioneering work remained unnoticed.[5] As Sukhareva’s autism research was translated and published in German-language journals within a year of its domestic publication in Russian, there existed no serious barrier to access of these materials by Asperger and Kanner. The precise reason for her extensive research remaining uncited in the work of these two scientists, however, cannot be precisely determined and is still a matter of discussion by experts.[6] Her name was transliterated as "Ssucharewa" when her papers appeared in Germany, and the autism researcher Hans Asperger likely chose not to cite her work, due to his affiliation with the Nazi Party and her Jewish heritage.[6]

Biography

Sukhareva was born in Kiev to the Jewish family of Chaim Faitelevich and Rachil Iosifovna Sukhareva.[7] Between 1917 and 1921, she worked in a psychiatric hospital in Kiev. From 1921, she worked in Moscow, and from 1933 to 1935 she was leading the department of Psychiatry in Kharkov University (Kharkov Psychoneurological Institute).[2]

Sukhareva studied autistic children, and described them in a way which has been compared to the modern description of autism in the DSM 5. She helped open schools for autistic children where they participated in multiple activities, such as gymnastics, drawing, and woodwork.[6]

In 1935, Sukhareva founded a Faculty of Pediatric Psychiatry in the Central Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education. In 1938, she led a clinic of childhood psychosis under the Russian SFSR Ministry of Agriculture and Food. For many years, she worked as a councillor and leader of the Psychiatric Hospital of Kashchenko in Moscow.[8]

Sukhareva believed that for personality disorders to appear in children and teenagers, a significant social factor was required. Some of the factors she discussed for personality disorders were a poor family environment and societal structure. She was a pioneer in using the method of suggestion, and fought for children's rights, stating that difficult children should not be sent to prisons, but to medical institutions. She also studied PTSD from war injuries sustained by children.[9]

By order of the Moscow Department of Health, the Moscow Scientific and Practical Center for Mental Health of Children and Adolescents was named after Sukhareva, with the prefix G. E. Sukhareva appended to the front. The center is the leading specialized medical institution for the treatment of suicidal states in children and adolescents under 18 years of age.[10]

Sukhareva's patients

In 1926 then 1927, Sukhareva described six boys[11] and five girls[12] as having what is now considered autism.[13] These patients are some of the first to be identified as having the disorder.[14] The patients, though anonymous, were described as follows:

  • A 12-year-old who had taught himself to read at age five. He was physically awkward and preferred talking to adults instead of children. He was very interested in philosophy.
  • A gifted violinist who struggled socially.
  • A child with exceptional memory of numbers but with face blindness.
  • A child who had imaginary friends that lived in a fireplace.

Selected works

  • Sukhareva GE, Analysis of children's fantasies as a method of studying the emotional life of a child. Kiev 1921.
  • Sukhareva GE, Schizoid psychopathy in childhood. In the book: Questions of pedology and child psychoneurology, issue 2. M 1925; 157–187.
  • Ssucharewa GE, Die schizoiden Psychopathien im Kindesalter. Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie 60: 235–261, 1926.
  • Sukhareva GE, To the problem of the structure and dynamics of children's constitutional psychopathies (schizoid forms). Journal of Neuropathology and Psychiatry 1930; 6
  • Sukhareva GE, Features of the structure of the defect in various forms of the course of schizophrenia (on children's and adolescent material). Neuropathology, psychiatry, mental hygiene 1935; IV: II: 57–62.
  • Sukhareva GE, Schizophrenia clinic in children and adolescents. Part I. Kharkov: Gosmedizdat of the USSR 1937; 107.
  • Sukhareva GE, Clinic of epilepsy in children and adolescents. Problems of theoretical and practical medicine. M 1938; 234–261.
  • Sukhareva GE, Psychogenic types of wartime reactions. Neuropathology and psychiatry 1943; 12: 2: 3-10
  • Sukhareva GE, Clinical lectures on children's psychiatry. T. 1. M: Medgiz 1955; 459.
  • Sukhareva GE, Clinical lectures on children's psychiatry. T. II, Part 2. M: Medicine 1959; 406.
  • Sukhareva GE, Lapides M. I. About the work of the psycho-neurological cabinet for children and teenagers at the psycho-neurological dispensary and children's clinic. M 1959.
  • Sukhareva GE, Yusevich L. S. Psychogenic pathological reactions (neuroses). In the book: A multivolume guide to pediatrics, t. 8. M 1965.
  • Sukhareva GE, Clinical lectures on children's psychiatry. T. 3. M: Medicine 1965; 270
  • Sukhareva GE, The role of the age factor in the clinic of children's psychoses. Journal of Neuropathology and Psychiatry 1970; 70: 10: 1514–1520.
  • Sukhareva GE, Lectures on children's psychiatry (Selected Chapters). M: Medicine 1974; 320.
  • Sukhareva GE, translated by Rebecchi K, Autistic Children, Amazon: 2022 ISBN 978 169098676 8

References

  1. ^ "Сухарева Груня Ефимовна, Москва, Востряковское — еврейские кладбища | Иудаизм и евреи на Toldot.ru". Toldot.ru — Иудаизм и евреи (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-04-10.
  2. ^ a b Manouilenko, Irina; Bejerot, Susanne (31 March 2015). "Sukhareva—Prior to Asperger and Kanner". Nordic Journal of Psychiatry (Report). 69 (6): 1761–4. doi:10.3109/08039488.2015.1005022. ISSN 1502-4725. PMID 25826582. S2CID 207473133.
  3. ^ Wolff, S. (September 1996). "The first account of the syndrome Asperger described? Translation of a paper entitled "Die schizoiden Psychopathien im Kindesalter" by Dr. G. E. Ssucharewa; scientific assistant, which appeared in 1926 in the Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie 60:235-261". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 5 (3): 119–132. doi:10.1007/bf00571671. PMID 8908418. S2CID 33759857.
  4. ^ Posar, Annio; Visconti, Paola (2017). "Tribute to Grunya Efimovna Sukhareva, the woman who first described infantile autism". Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences. 12 (3): 300–301. doi:10.4103/jpn.JPN_46_17. PMC 5696677. PMID 29204215.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ "Did A Soviet Psychiatrist Discover Autism In 1925?". Discover Magazine. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  6. ^ a b c Zeldovich, Lina (7 November 2018). "How history forgot the woman who defined autism". Spectrum. source: “There is another, darker reason why Sukhareva’s work may have been lost for so long, Manouilenko says. Given the limited number of psychiatry journals at the time, it is possible that Asperger, for whom Asperger syndrome was named, read Sukhareva’s paper in German and chose not to cite it. Earlier this year, historians Edith Sheffer and Herwig Czech independently reported that they had found evidence of Asperger’s cooperation with the Nazi Party, and that he may have sent dozens of disabled children to be euthanized. Sukhareva was Jewish, and Asperger may not have wanted to give her credit. Manouilenko offers a more benign possibility: Given Asperger’s position, he may not have been permitted or felt able to credit Sukhareva.”. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  7. ^ "Сухарева Рахиль Иосифовна, Москва, Востряковское — еврейские кладбища | Иудаизм и евреи на Toldot.ru". toldot.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2016-08-05.
  8. ^ M_d_nwrote, 2009-05-07 15:19:00 M_d_n M_d_n 2009-05-07 15:19:00. "Пять языков психодиагностики об ММД Часть 2/5" (in Russian). Retrieved 2016-08-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ "Jewish genius: Grunya Sukhareva, the discoverer of child autism". jewishnews.com.ua. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  10. ^ "НПЦ ПЗДП ДЗМ - Главная". npc-pzdp.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  11. ^ Ssucharewa, Dr., G.E. (1926). "Die Besonderheiten der schizoiden Psychopathien bei den Mädchen" (PDF). Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie. 60 (3–4): 235–261. doi:10.1159/000190478.
  12. ^ Ssucharewa, Dr., G.E. (1927). "Die Besonderheiten der schizoiden Psychopathien bei den Mädchen". Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie. 62 (3): 171–200. doi:10.1159/000166291.
  13. ^ "Autistic children: Grunya Sukhareva". 3 June 2022.
  14. ^ "How history forgot the woman who defined autism". 7 November 2018.
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