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Harry Ferguson

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For the Scottish footballer, see Harry Ferguson (footballer). For other people, see Henry Ferguson (disambiguation) and Harold Ferguson (disambiguation).

Harry Ferguson
close-up of the statue of Harry Ferguson
The 2008 sculpture of Harry Ferguson at Dromara
Born
Henry George Ferguson

(1884-11-04)4 November 1884
County Down, Ireland
Died25 October 1960(1960-10-25) (aged 75)
Stow-on-the-Wold, Gloucestershire, England, United Kingdom
NationalityBritish
Known forInventor of modern tractor
Scientific career
FieldsEngineering

Henry George "Harry" Ferguson (4 November 1884 – 25 October 1960) was a British mechanic and inventor who is noted for his role in the development of the modern agricultural tractor and its three point linkage system, for being the first person in Ireland to build and fly his own aeroplane, and for developing the first four-wheel drive Formula One car, the Ferguson P99.

Today his name lives on in the name of the Massey Ferguson company.

Early life

Harry Ferguson's birthplace

Ferguson was born at Growell, near Dromore, in County Down, Ireland, the son of a farmer.[1] In 1902, Ferguson went to work with his brother, Joe, in his bicycle and car repair business. While working there as a mechanic, he developed an interest in aviation, visiting airshows abroad. In 1904, he began to race motorcycles.[2]

Aviation

A metal sculpture near the A1 road depicting Ferguson's first flight

In the 1900s the young Harry Ferguson became fascinated with the newly emerging technology of powered human flight and particularly with the exploits of the Wright brothers, the American aviation pioneers who made the first plane flight in 1903 in North Carolina, USA.[3]

The first person to accomplish powered flight in the UK was Alliot Verdon Roe in June 1908,[4] who also flew an aeroplane of his own design, but this had not yet been achieved in Ireland. Ferguson began to develop a keen interest in the mechanics of flying and travelled to several air shows, including exhibitions in 1909 at Blackpool and Rheims where he took notes of the design of early aircraft. Harry convinced his brother that they should attempt to build an aircraft at their Belfast workshop and working from Harry's notes, they worked on the design of a plane, the Ferguson monoplane.[5]

After making many changes and improvements, they transported their new aircraft by towing it behind a car through the streets of Belfast up to Hillsborough Park to make their first attempt at flight. They were at first thwarted by propeller trouble but continued to make technical alterations to the plane. After a delay of nearly a week caused by bad weather, the Ferguson monoplane finally took off from Hillsborough on 31 December 1909.[2] Harry Ferguson became the first Irishman to fly and the first Irishman to build and fly his own aeroplane.[5]

Business career

A magazine article showing and describing Ferguson's tractor hitch development status as of 1922. It is a fully mechanical version with a depth wheel (small wheel that sets the plow depth).

After falling out with his brother over the safety and future of aviation Ferguson decided to go it alone, and in 1911 founded a company selling Maxwell, Star and Vauxhall cars and Overtime Tractors. Ferguson saw at first hand the weakness of having tractor and plough as separate articulated units, and in 1917 he devised a plough that could be rigidly attached to a Model T Ford car—the Eros, which became a limited success, competing with the Model F Fordson.[citation needed]

In 1917 Ferguson met Charles E. Sorensen while Sorensen was in England scouting production sites for the Fordson tractor.[6] They discussed methods of hitching the implement to the tractor to make them a unit (as opposed to towing the implement like a trailer). In 1920 and 1921 Ferguson demonstrated early versions of his three-point linkage on Fordsons at Cork and at Dearborn. Ferguson and Henry Ford discussed putting the Ferguson system of hitch and implements onto Fordson tractors at the factory, but no deal was struck. At the time the hitch was mechanical. Ferguson and his team of longtime colleagues, including Willie Sands and Archie Greer, soon developed a hydraulic version, which was patented in 1926. After one or two false starts, Ferguson eventually founded the Ferguson-Sherman Inc., with Eber and George Sherman.[citation needed]

The new enterprise manufactured the Ferguson plough incorporating the patented "Duplex" hitch system mainly intended for the Fordson "F" tractor. Following several more years of development, Ferguson's new hydraulic version of the three-point linkage was first seen on his prototype "Ferguson Black" or ‘Irish tractor’ as Harry called it,[7] now in the Science Museum, Kensington, London. A production version of the "Black" was introduced in May 1936, made at one of the David Brown factories in Huddersfield, Yorkshire, and designated Ferguson Model A tractor.

  • Ferguson Model A tractor 1936
    Ferguson Model A tractor 1936
  • Ford-Ferguson tractor 1939
    Ford-Ferguson tractor 1939
  • Ferguson system demonstrator
    Ferguson system demonstrator
  • Ferguson TE20 tractor 1946
    Ferguson TE20 tractor 1946
  • 1947 Ferguson TEA 20
    1947 Ferguson TEA 20
  • Massey Ferguson tractor 1957
    Massey Ferguson tractor 1957

Ferguson's interests were merged with those of David Brown junior to create the Ferguson-Brown Company.[8]

In October 1938, Ferguson demonstrated his latest tractor to Henry Ford at Dearborn, and they made the famous "handshake agreement". Ferguson took with him his latest patents covering future improvements to the Ferguson tractor and it is these that led to the Ford-Ferguson 9N introduced to the world on 29 June 1939. The 1938 agreement intended that the Ferguson tractor should also be made in the UK at the Ford Ltd factory at Dagenham, Essex but Ford did not have full control at Dagenham and, while Ford Ltd did import US-made 9N/2Ns, Dagenham did not make any.[citation needed]

Henry Ford II, Ford's grandson, ended the handshake agreement on 30 June 1947, following unsuccessful negotiations with Ferguson, but continued to produce a tractor, the 8N, incorporating Ferguson's inventions, the patents on almost all of which had not yet expired, and Ferguson was left without a tractor to sell in North America. Ferguson's reaction was a lawsuit demanding compensation for damage to his business and for Ford's illegal use of his designs.[9][10] The case was settled out of court in April 1952 for just over $9 million.[11] The court case cost him about half of that and a great deal of stress and ill health.[citation needed]

By 1952, most of the important Ferguson patents had expired, and this allowed Henry Ford II to claim that the case had not restricted Ford's activities too much. It follows that all the world's other tractor manufacturers could also use Ferguson's inventions, which they duly did. A year later Ferguson merged with Massey Harris to become Massey-Harris-Ferguson Co., later Massey Ferguson.[citation needed]

Standard Motor Company

As a consequence of Dagenham's failure to make the tractors, Harry Ferguson made a deal with Sir John Black[12] of the Standard Motor Company to refit their armaments factory at Banner Lane, Coventry. Production of the latest Ferguson tractor, the TE20, started in the autumn of 1946, over 20,800 TEs being built by the end of 1947. To fill the gap in Ferguson's sales in the US, thousands of TEs were shipped over from England.[citation needed]

Harry Ferguson Inc

The Ferguson P99 racing car

Production of a US version, the TO20, started at a new plant, owned by Harry Ferguson Inc, in October 1948, leaving the UK plant to supply the rest of the world. Ferguson's research division went on to develop various cars and tractors, including the first Formula One four-wheel-drive car (see Ferguson Research Ltd.).[citation needed]

Four wheel drive systems

Ferguson's four wheel drive system, utilising an open centre differential gear, was used in Formula 1 race cars and in the Range Rover and later in constant four-wheel-drive Land Rovers.[citation needed]

Death

Ferguson died at his home at Lower Swell in 1960, as the result of a barbiturate overdose; the inquest was unable to conclude whether this had been accidental or not.[13]

Memorials and recognition

Harry Ferguson Sculpture, Harry Ferguson Memorial Garden, Growell, County Down

A blue plaque commemorating Ferguson is mounted on the Ulster Bank building in Donegall Square, Belfast, the former site of his showroom. A granite memorial has been erected to Ferguson's pioneering flight on the North Promenade, Newcastle, and a full-scale replica of the Ferguson monoplane and an early Ferguson tractor and plough can be seen at the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum at Cultra.[14]

Ferguson was commemorated in 1981 when he appeared on stamps issued by the Irish Post Office in the Republic of Ireland. In Northern Ireland, Danske Bank (formerly Northern Bank) issues its own £20 sterling notes which bear a portrait of Ferguson alongside a Ferguson tractor.[15]

In 2008 the Harry Ferguson Memorial gardens were officially opened, opposite the house he lived in, just outside Dromara, Co. Down. A life-size bronze sculpture of Ferguson by John Sherlock was erected in the garden depicting Ferguson leaning on a fence surveying the view. The gardens are open to the public.

The University of Ulster opened the Harry Ferguson Engineering Village (18 February 2004) on the Jordanstown campus in recognition of the contribution made by him to engineering and innovation in Ireland.[16][17]

The Science Museum in London has on display one of Harry Ferguson's prototype tractors completed in 1935 as part of its history of agriculture exhibition, including information panels outlining his role in revolutionising the use of the farm tractor and its impact on the development of modern agriculture.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Census of Ireland 1901". Census.nationalarchives.ie. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  2. ^ a b "Harry Ferguson – Graces Guide". gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  3. ^ "Wright Brothers & the Invention of the Aerial Age". The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Washington, DC. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  4. ^ Gibbs-Smith, Charles H. (3 April 1959). "Hops and Flights – a Roll-Call of Early Powered Take-Offs". Flight. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  5. ^ a b "The First flight". Harry Ferguson Legacy. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  6. ^ Sorensen 1956, p. 241.
  7. ^ "Irish Tractor". www.theharryfergusonlegacy.com. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  8. ^ The Times, Tuesday, June 22, 1937. Issue: 47717.
  9. ^ "Claim Against Ford Company", The Times, Thursday, 6 October 1949; p. 2; Issue 51505
  10. ^ "Tractor Inventor's £90M. Claim. Allegations Against Ford Company", The Times, Tuesday, 27 March 1951; p. 3; Issue 51959
  11. ^ "Settlement in Suit Against Ford Company £3M. Award To Fergusons", The Times, Thursday, 10 April 1952; p. 6; Issue 52283
  12. ^ "Standard Motor Company Record Turnover And Profit, Mr. C. J. Band on Expansion Policy", The Times, Friday, 21 December 1945; p. 10; Issue 50331
  13. ^ Donnelly, Tom. "Ferguson, Henry George [Harry]". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33108. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  14. ^ "Henry George (Harry) Ferguson". Ulster History Circle. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  15. ^ "Our bank notes". Danske Bank. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  16. ^ "BBC NEWS – UK – Northern Ireland – 'Village' honours NI engineer". 18 February 2004.
  17. ^ "Professor P. G. (Gerry) McKenna - Gallery". www.gerrymckenna.co.uk. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  18. ^ "'Ferguson Black' tractor, 1935". sciencemuseum.org.uk. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.

Sources

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