Hawaiian tropical dry forests
| Hawaiian tropical dry forests | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ecology | |
| Biome | Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests |
| Borders | |
| Geography | |
| Area | 6,600 km2 (2,500 sq mi) |
| Country | United States (Hawaii) |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | Critical/Endangered[2] |
| Global 200 | Yes[3] |
The Hawaiian tropical dry forests are a tropical dry broadleaf forest ecoregion in the Hawaiian Islands. They cover an area of 6,600 km2 (2,500 sq mi) on the leeward side of the main islands and the summits of Niʻihau and Kahoʻolawe. These forests are either seasonal or sclerophyllous.[2] Annual rainfall is less than 127 cm (50 in) and may be as low as 25 cm (9.8 in);[4] the rainy season lasts from November to March.[5] Dominant tree species include koa (Acacia koa), koaiʻa (A. koaia), ʻakoko (Euphorbia spp.), ʻōhiʻa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), lonomea (Sapindus oahuensis), māmane (Sophora chrysophylla), loulu (Pritchardia spp.), lama (Diospyros sandwicensis), olopua (Nestegis sandwicensis), wiliwili (Erythrina sandwicensis), and ʻiliahi (Santalum spp.). Endemic plant species in the dry forests include hau heleʻula (Kokia cookei), uhiuhi (Caesalpinia kavaiensis), and Gouania spp. The palila (Loxioides bailleui), a Hawaiian honeycreeper, is restricted to this type of habitat.[2]
Prehistoric dry forests
The plant composition of Hawaii's dry forests has changed rather dramatically since the arrival of Polynesians, excluding the deliberate introduction of non-native species.[5] Fossilized pollen has shown that loulu (Pritchardia spp.) forests with an understory of Ka palupalu o Kanaloa (Kanaloa kahoolawensis) and ʻaʻaliʻi (Dodonaea viscosa) existed on the islands' leeward lowlands[6] from at least before 1210 B.C. until 1565 A.D. Populations of loulu and ʻaʻaliʻi still exist in diminished form, while only two Ka palupalu o Kanaloa specimens have ever been seen in the wild.[7]
Maui
The Auwahi Dryland Forest Restoration Project has produced a substantial forest on the slopes of Haleakala on the island of Maui.
See also
- Oceania ecozone
- Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests
- Hawaiian tropical rainforests
- Hawaiian tropical low shrublands
- Hawaiian tropical high shrublands
- List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)
References
- ^ "Hawaii Tropical Dry Forests". Bioimages. Vanderbilt University. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
- ^ a b c "Hawaii tropical dry forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
- ^ Olson, David M.; Eric Dinerstein (2002). "The Global 200: Priority Ecoregions for Global Conservation" (PDF). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 89: 199–224. doi:10.2307/3298564.
- ^ World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). "Hawaii tropical dry forests". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2010-03-08. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
- ^ a b "The Hawaiian Islands". Tropical Dry Forests of the Pacific. University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
- ^ James, Helen F.; Johnathan P. Prince (May 2008). "Integration of palaeontological, historical, and geographical data on the extinction of koa-finches". Diversity & Distributions. 14 (3): 441–451. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00442.x.
- ^ Bohm, Bruce A. "Rare Delights in Hawaiʻi". Floridata. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
External links
- Medeiros, A. C.; C.F. Davenport; C.G. Chimera (1998). "Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest" (PDF). Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
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| Fiji tropical dry forests | Fiji |
| Hawaiian tropical dry forests | Hawaiʻi |
| Marianas tropical dry forests | Guam, Northern Mariana Islands |
| Yap tropical dry forests | Federated States of Micronesia |