July 1981 Iranian presidential election
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| Registered | 22,687,017 | ||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 64.24% | ||||||||||||||||
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Presidential elections were held in Iran on 24 July 1981 after the previous Iranian president, Abolhassan Banisadr, was impeached by the Majlis on 21 June and then sacked by the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, on 22 June. The elections occurred after the Hafte Tir bombing, which killed Mohammad Beheshti and dozens of other Iranian officials on 28 June 1981. This led to the election of Mohammad Ali Rajai, the previous prime minister, winning 13,001,761 votes out of the 14,573,803 votes cast, which was 89% of the votes. The vote turnout was 65.29%.[1]
Rajai was killed a few weeks later on 30 August 1981, together with his prime minister, Mohammad Javad Bahonar.
Background
[edit]On 28 June 1981, a bomb, planted by a 23-year-old man, named Mohammad Reza Kolahi, exploded, killing Mohammad Beheshti and dozens of other Iranian officials.
In 1981, Iran experienced two elections. The first election of 1981 took place on 24 July. The reason for the July election was due to the impeachment of the President of Iran, Abolhassan Bani-Sadr (r. 5 February 1980 – 20 June 1981).[2]
Abolhassan Bani-Sadr
[edit]After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, Bani-Sadr became the first president of Iran on 5 February 1980.[3] He also claimed the role of Supreme Commander.[4] The Majlis, Iran's parliament, impeached Bani-Sadr. Bani-Sadr was impeached due to allegations stating he was attempting to undermine clerical power in Iran. Ayatollah Khomeini was at the top of these allegations since he was the Supreme Leader and a marja' (someone of high clerical ranking in Shi'i Islam) in Iran.[4] It is important to note that in Iran, the supreme leader has more power than the president, Bani-Sadr was allegedly trying to undermine Iran's top figure, Khomeini. After Bani-Sadr was found in hiding, he and his followers fled to France or were exiled (this information varies by source).
Lead-Up to the Election
[edit]Mohammad-Ali Raja’i was Prime Minister in Iran prior to the impeachment of Bani-Sadr. After the impeachment of Bani-Sadr, Iran set up the Presidency Council, which was made up of three men:
- Prime Minister : Mohammed Ali Raja’i
- Speaker of Parliament, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
- Chief Justice : Mohammed Beheshti.
Raja’i took over the day-to-day part of the presidency until the election was held.[5]
The Election
[edit]In Iran, presidential candidates must be approved by the Guardian Council.[2] 71 Iranians applied for the presidency, but only four were allowed to run. This election saw an approximate 64.24% turnout of eligible voters, or 14,573,803 out of 22,687,017 registered voters.[6] All candidates ran under the Islamic Republican Party because Iran more or less banned all other political parties except for the Islamic Republican Party.[7] The Islamic Republican Party was the leading party in Iran.[8] As for the Islamic Republican Party itself, it was founded in 1979 by Iranians of high clerical status and approved by Khomeini. The party was founded within revolutionary spirits, and its purpose was to continue the revolutionary agenda. The Islamic Republican Party would rally, purge, and overthrow any organization or person that was counterrevolutionary.[9]
The Candidates
[edit]All of the candidates were revolutionaries. Mohammad-Ali Raja’i was (the first) Prime Minister of Iran prior to the impeachment of Bani-Sadr, then he was part of the committee that fulfilled the presidency until the election. The runner up, Abbas Sheybani, was an Iranian politician, and still is today. Seyed Akbar Parvaresh was a descendant of the Prophet Mohammed, as well as an Iranian politician. Habibollah Asgaroladi-Mosalman was also an Iranian politician.[10]
Results
[edit]| July 1981 Iranian presidential election | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Nohen et al[11] | ISSDP[12] | ||||
| Votes | % | Votes | % | ||||
| Islamic Republican Party | Mohammad-Ali Rajai | 12,960,619 | 88.51 | 12,779,050 | 87.69 | ||
| Islamic Republican Party | Abbas Sheibani | 626,301 | 4.28 | 658,498 | 4.52 | ||
| Islamic Republican Party | Ali-Akbar Parvaresh | 401,035 | 2.74 | 339,646 | 2.33 | ||
| Islamic Republican Party | Habibollah Asgaroladi | 252,349 | 1.72 | 249,457 | 1.71 | ||
| Blank or invalid votes | 402,248 | 2.75 | 547,152 | 3.75 | |||
| Totals | 14,642,552 | 100 | 14,573,803 | 100 | |||
The Presidency of Raja'i
[edit]Raja’i was sworn in as president on 15 August 1981. The presidency of the former Prime Minister did not last long. On 30 August 1981, Raja’i and Mohammad-Javad Ba-Honar, the succeeding Prime Minister, were assassinated in a bombing.[7] After Raja’i's assassination, the next presidential election took place 2 October 1981. Voter turnout increased by 2,000 plus voters in the October Elections, resulting in 74.26% of eligible voters participating in the election.[13] Ayatollah Khamenei was elected President of Iran, receiving 94.4% of the votes. Khamenei was president from 1981 to 1989.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ Buchta, Wilfried (2000). Who rules Iran? (PDF). The Washington Institute and The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
- ^ a b Alem, Yesmin. Duality by Design: The Iranian Electoral System. Washington D.C.: International Foundation for Electoral Systems, 2011.
- ^ Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (13 May 2013). "Iranian presidential elections 2013: the essential guide". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ a b Buchta, Wilfried. Who Rules Iran: The Structure of Power in the Islamic Republic. Washington D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy and the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, 2000.
- ^ "IRAN TO ELECT NEW PRESIDENT ON JULY 24; MORE BANI-SADR SUPPORTERS". The New York Times. 25 June 1981. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "1981 Presidential Election | Iran Data Portal". Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Timeline of Iran's Political Events | The Iran Primer". iranprimer.usip.org. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Iran - Justice, Law, Sharia | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Islamic Republican Party". In The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, ed. John L. Esposito. Oxford. Accessed 29 April 2019. http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1118.
- ^ "Islamic Parliament of Iran". Center of Planning and Information Technology, Islamic Parliament of Iran. Accessed 29 April 2019. https://en.parliran.ir/eng/en/home.
- ^ Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof (2001). "Iran". Elections in Asia: A Data Handbook. Vol. I. Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-19-924958-X.
- ^ "1981 Presidential Election", The Iran Social Science Data Portal, Princeton University, retrieved 10 August 2015
- ^ "Historical Data on Iranian Presidential Elections". Critical Threats. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Alfoneh, Ali. "Renewal of Allegiance." The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 10 June 2009. Accessed 20 March 2019. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy- analysis/view/renewal-of-allegiance-presidential-elections-in-iran.
