Jicaque language

Jicaque
Tol
Spoken in	Honduras
Ethnicity	Tolupan
Native speakers	350  (1997)
Language family	Tolatecan ? Jicaque
Language codes
ISO 639-3	jic
The Jicaque languages are in Nicaragua in the center of the map.

(Eastern) Jicaque, also known as Tol, Tolupan, and Torupan, is a language spoken by some 300 Tolupan people in La Montaña del Flor, Honduras. In the 16th century it extended to cover much of western Yoro. There are two Tolan languages, Eastern Jicaque or Tol and Western Jicaque, which had been spoken around El Palmar, Deptment of Cortés, but which is now extinct. These are close enough to be considered dialects of a single language by some linguists.

Campbell and Oltrogge (1980) present the hypothesis that Jicaque is related to the Tequistlatecan languages, but this "Tolatecan" hypothesis needs further study. Greenberg and Swadesh had earlier hypothesized that Jicaque is a Hokan language.

Linguistic references

• Campbell, Lyle. (1979). Middle American languages. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment (pp. 902–1000). Austin: University of Texas Press.
• Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages, The Historical Linguistics of Native America, Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, Oxford University Press
• Campbell, Lyle and David Oltrogge (1980). Proto-Tol (Jicaque), International Journal of American Linguistics, 46:205-223
• Dennis, Ronald K. (1976). La lengua tol (jicaque): los sustantivos. Yaxkin 1(3): 2-7.
• Flemming, Ila. (1977). Tol (Jicaque) phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics 43(2): 121-127.
• Greenberg, Joseph H. and Morris Swadesh(1953). Jicaque as a Hokan Language. International Journal of American Linguistics 19: 216-222.
• Holt, Dennis. (1999). Tol (Jicaque). Languages of the World/Materials 170. Munich: LincomEuropa.

External links

• Ethnologue on Jicaque