Journal of Cell Biology

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The Journal of Cell Biology
DisciplineCell Biology
LanguageEnglish
Publication details
HistoryThe Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology (1955–1961)
The Journal of Cell Biology (1962–present)
Publisher
after 6 months
Standard abbreviations
ISO 4J. Cell. Biol.
Indexing
ISSN0021-9525
LCCN2001-227177
JSTOR00219525
OCLC no.1390147
Links

The Journal of Cell Biology is an international, peer-reviewed journal owned by The Rockefeller University and published by The Rockefeller University Press.

History

In the early 1950s, a small group of biologists began to explore intracellular anatomy using the emerging technology of electron microscopy. Many of these researchers were at The Rockefeller Institute of Medicine, the predecessor of The Rockefeller University. As their work progressed to publication, they were disappointed with the limited quality of halftone image reproduction in the printed journals of the time, and frustrated by the narrow editorial policies of existing journals regarding their image-based results. In 1954, the Director of the Rockefeller Institute, Detlev Bronk, convened a luncheon to discuss the creation of a new journal as a venue for publication of this type of work.[1]

The first issue of The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology was published less than a year later on January 25, 1955. A subscription cost $15 per year. The list of editors comprised Richard S. Bear, H. Stanley Bennett, Albert L. Lehninger, George E. Palade, Keith R. Porter, Francis O. Schmitt, Franz Schrader, and Arnold M. Seligman. The instructions to authors described the scope of the journal, "The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology is designed to provide a common medium for the publication of morphological, biophysical, and biochemical investigations on cells, their components, and their products. It will give special attention to reports on cellular organization at the colloidal and molecular levels and to studies integrating cytological information derived from various technical approaches." Recognizing that they needed a catchier title, the editors changed the name to The Journal of Cell Biology ("JCB") in 1962.

The discipline of cell biology emerged and developed on the pages of the JCB.

Many seminal discoveries have been published in the journal, including the first descriptions of numerous cellular functions and structures, such as the secretory pathway,[2] mitochondrial[3] and chloroplast[4] DNA, microtubules,[5] intermediate filaments,[6] tight junctions[7] (including occludins[8] and claudins[9]), adherens junctions,[7] and cadherins.[10]

Key dates

  • January 25, 1955: Publication of the first issue of The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology.
  • January, 1961 – December, 1983: Ray Griffiths is Executive Editor.
  • January, 1962: Journal name changed to The Journal of Cell Biology.
  • January, 1984 – December, 1998: Bernie Gilula is Editor in Chief.
  • January 13, 1997: First issue of the JCB is published online.
  • April, 1997 – April, 2007: Mike Rossner is Managing Editor.
  • January, 1999 – December, 2008: Ira Mellman is Editor in Chief.
  • July, 2000: Authors allowed to post the final, published pdf file of their articles on their own websites.
  • January 2001: JCB begins to make its online content free to the public six months after publication.
  • July, 2002: JCB adopts completely electronic workflow.
  • September, 2002: JCB begins screening all digital images for evidence of manipulation.
  • January, 2003: JCB pioneers RGB workflow for color digital images.
  • June, 2003: JCB releases all of its back content older than six months for free to the public back to volume 1, issue 1.
  • May, 2007 – July, 2010: Emma Hill is Executive Editor.
  • November, 2007: JCB begins posting all of its content on PubMed Central, where it is available for free to the public six months after publication.
  • May 1, 2008: New copyright policy allows authors to retain copyright to their own works and third parties to reuse JCB content under a Creative Commons license.
  • December, 2008: JCB launches Dataviewer
  • January, 2009 – present: Tom Misteli is Editor in Chief.
  • September, 2010 – present: Elizabeth H. Williams is Executive Editor.

Online access

The Journal of Cell Biology was first published online on January 13, 1997. All content was free to the public during that first year of online publication. In January, 1998, all primary research content was placed under access controls, but all news and review content remained free to the public immediately after publication.

In January, 2001, in response to calls from the research community to provide free access to the results of publicly funded research, the JCB was one of the first journals to release its primary research content to the public 6 months after publication.[11]

In June, 2003, all of the back content of the JCB starting from volume 1, issue 1, was posted on the JCB website. The back content is provided for free.[12]

In November, 2007, in anticipation of the National Institute of Health mandate on public access to the results of NIH-funded research, the JCB began depositing all of its content in PubMed Central, where the final, published version is released to the public 6 months after publication.[13]

All of the content of the JCB has always been free online in 143 developing nations.

Copyright and third party use

In July 2000, the JCB began to harness the power of the internet to promote further distribution of its content when it became one of the first journals to allow authors to post the final, published pdf file of their articles on their own websites.[14] On May 1, 2008, The JCB changed its traditional copyright policy to allow authors to retain copyright to their own works. Authors can do anything they want with their published articles, including for commercial gain. At the same time, the content of the JCB was opened up to use by third parties under a Creative Commons license.[15] The only restriction on this use by third parties is that they cannot create a free mirror site of JCB content within the first six months after publication.

Data integrity

Origins of image screening

In 2002, the JCB adopted a completely electronic production workflow. This means that all text is submitted as electronic document files and all figures are submitted as electronic image files. While formatting figure files for an accepted manuscript, Mike Rossner, who was then the Managing Editor of the JCB, discovered a Western blot in which the intensity of a single band had been selectively adjusted relative to the other bands.

The original data were obtained from the authors, and it was evident that the manipulation affected the interpretation of the data. The editorial acceptance of the manuscript was revoked, and the JCB immediately initiated a policy to screen all images in all accepted papers for evidence of image manipulation.[16]

Guidelines for handling digital images

In consultation with practicing scientists on the Editorial Board, the JCB developed guidelines for handling digital images, which were first published in June, 2003.[17] The current version is available here.[18] A more in-depth discussion of these guidelines and the ethics of image manipulation was published in a feature article in the NIH Catalyst in May, 2004, entitled "What's in a picture? The temptation of image manipulation." The article was reprinted in the JCB in July, 2004.[19]

Data on data manipulation

At the time it instituted the image screening program, the JCB was unique in applying a systematic approach to detecting data manipulation in manuscripts accepted for publication. This approach provided the first hard data on the frequency and severity of data manipulation in biomedical research publications. The editors of the JCB have revoked the acceptance of approximately 1% of papers that passed peer review because they detected image manipulation that affected the interpretation of the data. Acceptance is revoked if any conclusion in a paper is called into question by the manipulation. 25% of all accepted manuscripts have at least one figure that must be remade because of "inappropriate" manipulation, that is the manipulation does not affect the interpretation of the data, but it violates the journal's guidelines for presenting image data.

These numbers were first made public in November, 2004, at the Research Conference on Research Integrity organized by the Office of Research Integrity.

Publicity about image manipulation and image screening

The JCB image screening program was publicized in an article in Nature in April, 2005, entitled "CSI Cell Biology".[20] On Christmas Day, 2005, The New York Times published an article showing that image manipulation was part of the scientific fraud perpetrated by Hwang Woo-Suk and colleagues.[21] When it became apparent that the JCB screening program would have detected the image manipulation before publication, the New York Times highlighted JCB's process on the cover page of its Science Times section on January 24, 2006.[22] This raised awareness among the public and among other biomedical journals of the potential value of image screening by journal editors including:

Response of journal editors

Many journals have adopted the JCB's guidelines on image manipulation in their instructions to authors, but only a few are enforcing them with full screening of all images for evidence of manipulation.

Response of National Academy of Sciences (NAS)

In February 2006, the JCB Editors voiced the need for community-sanctioned standards for maintaining data integrity in a letter to National Academy of Sciences President Ralph Cicerone.[28] The letter, along with subsequent concerns about digital data raised by other scientific publishers, provided the impetus for a study by the The Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (a joint unit of the NAS, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine) to examine the issue of data integrity. The study was commissioned in May, 2006.

Mike Rossner presented a talk to the Committee at an open meeting in April, 2007, in which he described the experience of the JCB and the other Rockefeller University Press journals in handling image manipulation. He noted that it should be the responsibility of the research community to develop standards of data integrity, but the JCB had taken on this role because no such standards existed when JCB first confronted the problem in 2002.

The Committee released its report, entitled "Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age, in July, 2009.[29] The NAS announcement specifically cited the JCB for its proactive steps in establishing specific guidelines for "acceptable and unacceptable ways to alter images". The report approached the problem of data integrity from the perspective of both truth and accuracy in data acquisition and reporting, and from the perspective of accessibility of data over time. It provided no specific standards for maintaining data integrity and no recommendations for enforcing those standards once established. The report reached the broad conclusion that "researchers themselves are responsible for ensuring the integrity of their research data".

Technical innovations

The RGB standard

The JCB was the first journal to adopt the "RGB Standard" for reproduction of color images. To maximize the quality of color image reproduction, the JCB declared in January, 2004[30] that the online version of the journal is the "journal of record", and images would be reproduced online using authors' files in the same color scheme (Red, Green, Blue) in which they are acquired by digital cameras, and which is used to display them on a computer monitor.

Previously, authors were asked to convert their RGB files to the CMYK color scheme necessary for printing on paper, which results in a substantial loss of image luster. Those CMYK files were then converted back to RGB by the publisher to post online, resulting in a second round of alteration to the original colors. The advent of the RGB workflow allowed colors to be displayed in the online publication exactly as they appeared in the authors' original files.

The JCB DataViewer

On December 1, 2008, the JCB launched the JCB DataViewer – the first browser based application for viewing original, multi-dimensional image data.[31] This application was built in conjunction with Glencoe Software[32] using a data management engine based on the OMERO software developed by the Open Microscopy Environment.[33] Glencoe Software also developed a "Rollup" application for uploading original image files to the DataViewer. The DataViewer supports numerous proprietary files types from various microscopes and gel documentation systems.[34]

This revolutionary application allows JCB authors to present multidimensional image data as they were acquired, giving them the opportunity to share data that were not possible to share previously. JCB readers get to see original data supporting a published paper, and they can interact with those data by scrolling through a z stack or a stack of time-lapse images. Users can select individual channels to view or view all channels separately on the same screen. They can also produce line plots of pixel intensities along any horizontal or vertical axis.

An update to the software in August 2012 allows the user to smoothly transition from 1 millimeter to 1 micrometer magnification of images assembled from optical and electron microscopes. As an example, they provide a complete image of a zebrafish embryo.[35][36]

References

  1. ^ "Introduction: recollections on the beginnings of the Journal of Cell Biology". Jcb.rupress.org. December 1, 1981. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  2. ^ http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/4/5/557, http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/7/4/619, http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/3/473, http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/34/2/577, http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/34/2/597, http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/50/1/135
  3. ^ http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/3/593, http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/3/613
  4. ^ Hans Ris and Walter Plaut (June 1, 1962). "Ultrastructure Of Dna-Containing Areas In The Chloroplast Of Chlamydomonas". Jcb.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  5. ^ http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/2/367, http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/1/239
  6. ^ H. Ishikawa, R. Bischoff, and H. Holtzer (September 1, 1968). "Mitosis And Intermediate-Sized Filaments In Developing Skeletal Muscle". Jcb.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b Marilyn G. Farquhar and George E. Palade (May 1, 1963). "Junctional Complexes In Various Epithelia". Jcb.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  8. ^ "Occludin: a novel integral membrane protein localizing at tight junctions". Jcb.rupress.org. December 15, 1993. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  9. ^ "Claudin-1 and −2: Novel Integral Membrane Proteins Localizing at Tight Junctions with No Sequence Similarity to Occludin". Jcb.rupress.org. June 29, 1998. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  10. ^ M Takeichi (November 1, 1977). "Functional correlation between cell adhesive properties and some cell surface proteins". Jcb.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  11. ^ Ira Mellman (July 9, 2001). "Cell biology's journal gets a new look". Jcb.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  12. ^ Ira Mellman (April 5, 2004). "Providing realistic access". Jcb.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  13. ^ Emma Hill (October 1, 2007). "JCB content automatically deposited in PubMed Central (PMC)". Jcb.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  14. ^ Emma Hill 1 and Mike Rossner 2 (April 30, 2008). "You wrote it; you own it!". Jcb.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ "Creative Commons – Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported – CC BY-NC-SA 3.0". Creativecommons.org. February 22, 1999. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  16. ^ Mike Rossner (September 30, 2002). "Figure manipulation". Jcb.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  17. ^ Mike Rossner (June 9, 2003). "The JCB 2003". Jcb.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  18. ^ "Instructions for Authors". JCB. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  19. ^ Mike Rossner 1 and Kenneth M. Yamada 2 (July 6, 2004). "What's in a picture? The temptation of image manipulation". Jcb.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Nature. "Access : Image manipulation: CSI: cell biology". Nature. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  21. ^ "Clone Scientist Relied on Peers and Korean Pride". The New York Times. July 7, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  22. ^ Wade, Nicholas (January 24, 2006). "It May Look Authentic; Here's How to Tell It Isn't – New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  23. ^ Transforming Drug Development October 17, 2011. "Focus | News from Harvard Medical, Dental and Public Health Schools". Focus.hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved October 20, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ "Fraud Leads to Procedural Reviews at Scientific Journals". NPR. March 13, 2006. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  25. ^ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/314/5807/1866
  26. ^ Dreifus, Claudia (October 2, 2007). "Hany Farid -Photo Manipulation – Proving That Seeing Shouldn't Always Be Believing – New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  27. ^ Young, Jeffrey R. (June 6, 2008). "Journals Find Many Images in Research Are Faked – Faculty – The Chronicle of Higher Education". Chronicle.com. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  28. ^ http://rupress.typepad.com/files/nas_letter.pdf
  29. ^ "Newsroom". National-Academies.org. July 22, 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  30. ^ Mike Rossner 1 and Rob O'Donnell 2 (January 5, 2004). "The JCB will let your data shine in RGB". Jcb.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Emma Hill (December 3, 2008). "Announcing the JCB DataViewer, a browser-based application for viewing original image files". Jcb.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  32. ^ "Glencoe Software". Glencoe Software. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  33. ^ "The Open Microscopy Environment – OME". Openmicroscopy.org. October 7, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  34. ^ "JCBDataViewer – Supported File Types". Jcb-dataviewer.rupress.org. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
  35. ^ http://jcb.rupress.org/content/198/3/271.full
  36. ^ http://jcb.rupress.org/content/198/3/457.full

External links

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