Jovan the Serb of Kratovo
Jovan the Serb of Kratovo | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1526 Kratovo, Sanjak of Üsküb, Ottoman Empire (present-day North Macedonia) |
| Died | 1583 (aged 56–57) |
| Occupation | Orthodox priest, calligraphist and scribe with an opus of at least six works |
| Language | Serbian |
| Nationality | Rum Millet (Serbian) |
| Education | Lesnovo school |
| Notable works | Velika Remeta Gospel (1580) |
Jovan the Serb of Kratovo (Serbian Cyrillic: Јован Србин из Кратова; 1526–1583) or Protopop Jovan (Протопоп Јован) was a Serb Orthodox priest and scribe with an opus of six works, of which one is the Velika Remeta Gospel (1580). He was a monk at Hilandar.
Life
Little is known about his life. He first appears in 1526 when he transcribed a prayer book in which he is desperate about the end of the world coming in near future. Until 1569 he lived in Kratovo, at the time an important town and mining center, where he was a priest (pop). After that date we find him in Craiova in Wallachia where in 1580 he signed one Evangelion as “Priest Jovan, a Serb from the town of Kratovo” (Srbin od mesta Kratova).[1] In Wallachia he is also mentioned as protopop, "archpriest".[2] Migrations of revered men of church to Wallachia were not uncommon in those days, since there they would find patronage from Christian princes or rich landowners, a strata that did not exist in the Ottoman Empire.
Priest Jovan's work coincided with two important events. One was the renewal of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in 1557 that gave impetus to larger artistic production. The second was the restoration of Ottoman interest in mining, the fact that boosted production in Kratovo and other important mines.
We know that he used glasses.[3]
Work
Jovan of Kratovo is the most distinguished illuminator from the circle of 16th century Balkan artists that worked under the influence of Islamic ornamentation. Today there survive ten of his illuminated manuscripts and they are to be found in libraries in Belgrade,[4] Sofia, Bucharest and in the monasteries of Hilandar and Zographouon Mount Athos, .
Jovan's new decorative system combined Byzantine and Islamic ornamentation in a new whole. Though he was not a skillful drawer of figures, his captions and specific floral ornamentation were noted and widely copied.[5] He is justly credited as the creator of this new style that continued until end of the 17th century. The same style was propagated mostly by his pupils from the so-called Kratovo school.
Not much before year 1580 he designed, transcribed and illuminated Law on Mines of Despotes Stefan Lazarević, a collection of medieval Serbian mining regulations. This was, in all probability, an order by local authorities of Kratovo, needed to renew their production according to the wants of the Ottoman administration. In this book Islamic influence is reflected in its elongated format, arabesque on its cover, narrow size of letters and, of course, in its vignettes. The picture of a miners’ council is a copy from an older, 15th century original.[6]
Works
- Velika Remeta Gospel (1580)
- The Four Gospels (четворојеванђеље), held at Sofia, Bulgaria[7]
- Mining Code transcript, held at Belgrade, Serbia[8]
See also
- Gavrilo Kratovac, prota in Hilandar and translator from Greek to Serbian
- Jakov of Serres
- Stanislav of Lesnovo
- Teodosije the Hilandarian (1246-1328), one of the most important Serbian writers in the Middle Ages
- Elder Grigorije (fl. 1310-1355), builder of Saint Archangels Monastery
- Antonije Bagaš (fl. 1356-1366), bought and restored the Agiou Pavlou monastery
- Lazar the Hilandarian (fl. 1404), the first known Serbian and Russian watchmaker
- Pachomius the Serb (fl. 1440s-1484), hagiographer of the Russian Church
- Miroslav Gospel
- Gabriel the Hilandarian
- Constantine of Kostenets
- Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'
- Gregory Tsamblak
- Isaija the Monk
- Elder Siluan
- Romylos of Vidin
- Atanasije (scribe)
- Rajčin Sudić
- Nicodemus of Tismana
- Dimitar of Kratovo
- Anonymous Athonite
References
- ^ Љ. Стојановић, Стари Српски Записи и Натписи, vol. I, 1902 , page 752
- ^ Ђ. Радојчић, Стари српски књижевници XIV-XVII века, Београд 1942., https://archive.org/stream/StariSrpskiKnjizevniciXIVXVIIVeka/Stari%20Srpski%20Knjizevnici%20XIV-XVII%20Veka_djvu.txt
- ^ Приватни живот у српским земљама у освит модерног доба, ур. Александар Фотић, Београд 2005, p. 402
- ^ Otvoren rekonstruisani muzej SPC, Vreme, http://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1118083
- ^ С. Петковић, Српска уметност у XVI и XVII веку, Београд 1995, page. 104
- ^ Z. Rakić, Islamski utjecaj na iluminacije srpskih rukopisa 16. i 17. vijeka, Behar, http://behar.hr/islamski-utjecaj-na-iluminacije-srpskih-rukopisa-16-i-17-stoljeca/#3
- ^ Crkveno-povijesni i arhivski institut, No. 250, vol. 90 and 235
- ^ Arhiva Srpske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, br. 465, vol. 2v – 3
Sources
- Dragoslav Georgevich; Nikola Maric; Nicholas Moravcevich; Ljubica D. Popovich (1977). Serbian Americans and their communities in Cleveland. Cleveland State University. p. 207.
- Kulturen život. Kulturno-prosvetnata zaednica na Makedonija. 1985.
- Recueil de travaux de l'Institut des études byzantines. Institut. 1993. p. 175.
- Bosanska vila. 1904. p. 27.
- Ivan Ivanić (1908). Macedonija i maćedonci ... Štampa Savića i komp. p. 431.