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Collage of a solenodon, hedgehog, mole, and shrew
Clockwise from upper left: Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus), European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), European mole (Talpa europaea), and ornate shrew (Sorex ornatus)

Eulipotyphla is an order of placental mammals which includes hedgehogs, gymnures, moles, shrew moles, desmans, solenodons, and shrews. Members of this order are called eulipotyphlans. The order currently comprises 486 extant species, which are grouped into 53 genera. Eulipotyphlans live worldwide, with the exceptions of Australia and most of South America, and in a variety of habitats, particularly forests, shrublands, and grasslands, but also including savannas, wetlands, deserts, and rocky areas. They come in a variety of body plans in contrasting shapes and sizes, and range in size from the Etruscan shrew, at 3 cm (1 in) plus a 3 cm (1 in) tail to the moonrat, at 46 cm (18 in) plus a 30 cm (12 in) tail.

Eulipotyphla is divided into four families: Erinaceidae, containing the hedgehogs and gymnures; Solenodontidae, containing the solenodons; Soricidae, containing the shrews; and Talpidae, containing the moles, shrew moles, and desmans. Erinaceidae has twenty-four species split between the subfamilies Erinaceinae (hedgehogs) and Galericinae (gymnures). Solenodontidae has only two species. Soricidae has 418 species split between the subfamilies Crocidurinae (white-toothed shrews), Myosoricinae (African shrews), and Soricinae (red-toothed shrews). Talpidae has 45 species split between the subfamilies Scalopinae (moles), Talpinae (moles, shrew moles, and desmans), and Uropsilinae (shrew moles). The exact classification of the species is not fixed, with many recent proposals made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. No species have gone extinct since 1500 CE, but over 50 species, or more than 10 percent of all eulipotyphlans, are considered endangered or critically endangered.

Conventions

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Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted.

Classification

[edit]

The order Eulipotyphla consists of 486 extant species belonging to 53 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 53 genera can be grouped into 4 families, and some of these families are subdivided into named subfamilies.

Family Erinaceidae

Family Solenodontidae (solenodons): 2 genera, 2 species

Family Soricidae

  • Subfamily Crocidurinae (white-toothed shrews): 9 genera, 235 species
  • Subfamily Myosoricinae (African shrews): 3 genera, 25 species
  • Subfamily Soricinae (red-toothed shrews): 13 genera, 158 species

Family Talpidae

  • Subfamily Scalopinae (moles): 5 genera, 7 species
  • Subfamily Talpinae (moles, shrew moles, and desmans): 11 genera, 33 species
  • Subfamily Uropsilinae (shrew moles): 1 genus, 4 species
Eulipotyphla[1][2][3]  

Eulipotyphlans

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The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.[4]

Family Erinaceidae

[edit]
Main article: List of erinaceids

Members of the Erinaceidae family are erinaceids, and include hedgehogs and gymnures. Erinaceidae comprises twenty-four extant species divided into 10 genera. These genera are grouped into two subfamilies: Erinaceinae, or hedgehogs, and Galericinae, or gymnures.

Subfamily Erinaceinae – G. Fischer, 1814 – five genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Atelerix
(African hedgehog)

White hedgehog

Pomel, 1848

Four species
 		Africa Size range: 15 cm (6 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail (Southern African hedgehog) to 27 cm (11 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail (Somali hedgehog)[5]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, forest, and savanna[6]

Diets: Omnivorous[5]
Erinaceus
(woodland hedgehog)

Brown hedgehog

Linnaeus, 1758

Four species
 		Europe, western Asia, eastern Asia, and New Zealand Size range: 13 cm (5 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail (European hedgehog) to 30 cm (12 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (Northern white-breasted hedgehog)[7]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and forest[8]

Diets: Insects and other invertebrates, eggs, small vertebrates, carrion, and fruit[7]
Hemiechinus
(long-eared hedgehog)

Brown hedgehog

Fitzinger, 1866

Two species
 		Western, central, and southern Asia Size range: 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 1 cm (0.4 in) tail (Long-eared hedgehog) to 28 cm (11 in) long, plus 6 cm (2 in) tail (Indian long-eared hedgehog)[9]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[10]

Diets: Omnivorous; primarily invertebrates and insects, as well as small vertebrates, eggs, carrion, fruit, vegetables, and seeds[9]
Mesechinus
(steppe hedgehog)

Brown hedgehog

Ognew, 1951

Two species
 		Eastern Asia Size range: About 24 cm (9 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail[11]

Habitats: Grassland and forest[12]

Diets: Omnivorous; primarily invertebrates and insects, as well as small vertebrates, eggs, carrion, fruit, and seeds[11]
Paraechinus
(desert hedgehog)

Gray hedgehog

Trouessart, 1879

Four species
 		Southern and western Asia, Northern Africa, and Arabian Peninsula Size range: 14–28 cm (6–11 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[13]

Habitats: Shrubland, desert, forest, grassland, inland wetlands, and savanna[14]

Diets: Insects, as well as other invertebrates, small vertebrates, and eggs[13]
Subfamily Galericinae – Pomel, 1848 – five genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Echinosorex

Gray long-tailed hedgehog

Blainville, 1836

One species
 		Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 26–46 cm (10–18 in) long, plus 16–30 cm (6–12 in) tail[15]

Habitats: Forest[16]

Diet: Invertebrates, as well as frogs, fish, and fruit[17]
Hylomys
(gymnure)

Brown hedgehog

Müller, 1839

Three species
 		Southeastern Asia Size range: 9–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[18]

Habitats: Shrubland, rocky areas, and forest[19]

Diets: Invertebrates, as well as fruit[18]
Neohylomys

Pelts and skull of brown hedgehogs

Shaw & Wong, 1959

One species
 		Hainan island, China
Map of range 		Size: 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[20]

Habitats: Forest and caves[21]

Diet: Insects, worms, and plants[20]
Neotetracus

Black-and-white photo of two hedgehogs

Trouessart, 1909

One species
 		Southern China
Map of range 		Size: 10–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 4–7 cm (2–3 in) tail[20]

Habitats: Forest[22]

Diet: Insects, worms, and plants[20]
Podogymnura
(Philippine gymnure) 		Mearns, 1905

Two species
 		Philippines Size range: 13 cm (5 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (Mindanao gymnure) to 22 cm (9 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail (Dinagat gymnure)[23]

Habitats: Forest[24]

Diets: Insects, worms, birds, and carrion[23]

Family Solenodontidae

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Main article: Solenodontidae

Members of the Solenodontidae family are solenodontids, and it comprises two extant species of solenodons, each in its own genus.

Not assigned to a named subfamily – two genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Atopogale

Black-and-white photo of a shrew

Cabrera, 1925

One species
 		Cuba
Map of range 		Size: 28–39 cm (11–15 in) long, plus 17–26 cm (7–10 in) tail[25]

Habitats: Forest[26]

Diet: Invertebrates, reptiles, fruit, and vegetables, as well as poultry[25]
Solenodon

Brown shrew

Brandt, 1833

One species
 		Hispaniola island in the Dominican Republic and Haiti
Map of range 		Size: 28–39 cm (11–15 in) long, plus 17–26 cm (7–10 in) tail[25]

Habitats: Forest and caves[27]

Diet: Invertebrates, reptiles, fruit, and vegetables, as well as poultry[25]

Family Soricidae

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Main articles: List of crocidurines, List of myosoricines, and List of soricines

Members of the Soricidae family are soricids or shrews. Soricidae comprises 418 extant species divided into 25 genera. These genera are grouped into three subfamilies: Crocidurinae, or white-toothed shrews, Myosoricinae, or African shrews, and Soricinae, or red-toothed shrews.

Subfamily Crocidurinae – Milne-Edwards, 1872 – nine genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Crocidura
(white-toothed shrew)

Brown shrew

Wagler, 1832

192 species
 		Europe, Africa, and non-Arctic Asia Size range: 4–18 cm (2–7 in) long, plus 4–11 cm (2–4 in) tail[28]

Habitats: Shrubland, desert, coastal/supratidal marine, rocky areas, forest, intertidal marine, grassland, inland wetlands, savanna, and caves[29]

Diets: Insects and other invertebrates, as well as small mammals, frogs, toads, and lizards[28]
Diplomesodon

Gray and white shrew

Brandt, 1852

One species
 		Central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[30]

Habitats: Desert[31]

Diet: Insects, as well as small lizards[31]
Feroculus Kelaart, 1852

One species
 		Southern India and Sri Lanka
Map of range 		Size: 10–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[32]

Habitats: Forest, grassland, and inland wetlands[33]

Diet: Earthworms, small vertebrates, and plants[32]
Paracrocidura
(large-headed shrew) 		Heim de Balsac, 1956

Three species
 		Central Africa Size range: 6–10 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[34]

Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands[35]

Diets: Insects[34]
Ruwenzorisorex Hutterer, 1986

One species
 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 9–10 cm (4 in)[36]

Habitats: Inland wetlands and forest[37]

Diet: Mollusks and small vertebrates[32]
Scutisorex
(hero shrew)

Black-and-white picture of a shrew

Thomas, 1910

Two species
 		Central Africa Size range: 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 6–10 cm (2–4 in) tail[38]

Habitats: Forest[39]

Diets: Insects, earthworms, small vertebrates, and plants[38]
Solisorex Thomas, 1924

One species
 		Sri Lanka
Map of range 		Size: 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 5–7 cm (2–3 in) tail[30]

Habitats: Forest and grassland[40]

Diet: Insects, earthworms, and small vertebrates[30]
Suncus
(musk shrew or pygmy shrew)

Gray shrew

Ehrenberg, 1832

Eighteen species
 		Europe, Africa, and southern and southeastern Asia Size range: 3 cm (1 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail (Etruscan shrew) to 9 cm (4 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (Anderson's shrew)[41]

Habitats: Shrubland, desert, forest, grassland, inland wetlands, and savanna[42]

Diets: Insects and small mammals, as well as plants[41]
Sylvisorex
(forest shrew)

Black-and-white photo of shrew

Thomas, 1904

Fifteen species
 		Central Africa Size range: 4–10 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 4–9 cm (2–4 in) tail[43]

Habitats: Grassland, forest, and inland wetlands[44]

Diets: Insects[43]
Subfamily Myosoricinae – Kretzoi, 1965 – three genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Congosorex
(Congo shrew) 		Heim de Balsac & Lamotte, 1956

Three species
 		Central Africa Size range: 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail (Lesser Congo shrew)[45]

Habitats: Forest[46]

Diets: Invertebrates[45]
Myosorex
(mouse shrew)

Brown shrew

Gray, 1838

Nineteen species
 		Central and southern Africa Size range: 6–11 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 2–7 cm (1–3 in) tail[47]

Habitats: Shrubland, forest, grassland, inland wetlands, and savanna[48]

Diets: A variety of invertebrates, as well as seeds, small birds, and mammals[47]
Surdisorex
(African mole shrew)

Dead brown shrew

Thomas, 1906

Three species
 		Kenya Size range: 6–11 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 2–7 cm (1–3 in) tail[49]

Habitats: Shrubland and grassland[50]

Diets: Earthworms, as well as insects, small birds, and mammals[49]
Subfamily Soricinae – G. Fischer, 1817 – thirteen genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Anourosorex
(Asian mole shrew)

Gray shrew

A. Milne-Edwards, 1872

Four species
 		Taiwan, and southern and eastern Asia Size range: 8–12 cm (3–5 in) long, plus 0.5–2 cm (0.2–0.8 in) tail[51]

Habitats: Grassland, rocky areas, and forest[52]

Diets: Insects and worms, as well as plants[51]
Blarina
(short-tailed shrew)

Gray shrew

Gray, 1838

Four species
 		Central United States, Southeastern United States, Eastern North America, and Florida Size range: 7–11 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) tail[53]

Habitats: Shrubland, forest, grassland, and inland wetlands[54]

Diets: Invertebrates, as well as small vertebrates and plants[53]
Blarinella
(Asian short-tailed shrew) 		Thomas, 1911

Three species
 		Central and southern China, northern Vietnam, and Myanmar Size range: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 3–6 cm (1–2 in) tail[55]

Habitats: Shrubland and forest[56]

Diets: Invertebrates[55]
Chimarrogale
(Asiatic water shrew)

Gray shrew

Anderson, 1877

Six species
 		Eastern and southeastern Asia Size range: 8–14 cm (3–6 in) long, plus 6–13 cm (2–5 in) tail[57]

Habitats: Shrubland, forest, and inland wetlands[58]

Diets: Invertebrates, crustaceans, and small fish[57]
Chodsigoa
(Asiatic shrew) 		Kastchenko, 1907

Eight species
 		Central China, Taiwan, and Southern Asia Size range: 4–10 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 3–12 cm (1–5 in) tail[59]

Habitats: Shrubland and forest[60]

Diets: Earthworms, insects, and other invertebrates, as well as small mammals[59]
Cryptotis
(small-eared shrew)

Gray shrew

Pomel, 1848

41 species
 		North America, Central America, and northern South America Size range: 5 cm (2 in) long, plus 1 cm (0.4 in) tail (big Mexican small-eared shrew) to 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (Merida small-eared shrew)[61]

Habitats: Shrubland, forest, rocky areas, grassland, and inland wetlands[62]

Diets: Insects, as well as other invertebrates, small lizards and frogs, eggs, plants, and carrion[61]
Episoriculus
(brown-toothed shrew) 		Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, 1966

Four species
 		Taiwan and Southern Asia Size range: 4–7 cm (2–3 in) long, plus 3–7 cm (1–3 in) tail[63]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and forest[64]

Diets: Earthworms, insects, and other invertebrates, as well as small mammals[63]
Megasorex Hibbard, 1950

One species
 		Southern Mexico
Map of range 		Size: 8–9 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[65]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[66]

Diet: Invertebrates[65]
Nectogale A. Milne-Edwards, 1870

One species
 		Central China and southern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 9–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 8–11 cm (3–4 in) tail[67]

Habitats: Forest and inland wetlands[68]

Diet: Insects, crustaceans, and small fish[67]
Neomys
(water shrew)

Gray shrew

Kaup, 1829

Four species
 		Europe and Asia Size range: 6–10 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 4–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[69]

Habitats: Forest, grassland, inland wetlands, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[70]

Diets: Invertebrates, molluscs, fish, amphibians, frogs, and small rodents[69]
Notiosorex
(gray shrew)

Gray shrew

Coues, 1877

Four species
 		Southern North America Size range: 4–7 cm (2–3 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[71]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, forest, and desert[72]

Diets: Worms, spiders, and insects, as well as small mammals, lizards, birds, and carrion[71]
Sorex
(long-tailed shrew)

Brown shrew

Linnaeus, 1758

76 species
 		Europe, Asia, North America, and Central America Size range: 3 cm (1 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail (Eurasian pygmy shrew) to 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (Tundra shrew)[73]

Habitats: Shrubland, desert, forest, rocky areas, grassland, inland wetlands, coastal marine, and unknown[74]

Diets: Insects and other invertebrates, as well as small vertebrates, seeds, lichen, fungi, and plants[73]
Soriculus

Brown shrew

Blyth, 1854

One species
 		Himalayas in Asia
Map of range 		Size: 8–10 cm (3–4 in) long, plus 3–7 cm (1–3 in) tail[75]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas[76]

Diet: Earthworms, insects, and other invertebrates, as well as small mammals[75]

Family Talpidae

[edit]
Main article: List of talpids

Members of the Talpidae family are talpids, and include moles, shrew moles, and desmans. Talpidae comprises 24 extant species divided into 17 genera. These genera are grouped into three subfamilies: Scalopinae, or moles, Talpinae, containing moles, shrew moles, and desmans, and Uropsilinae, or shrew moles.

Subfamily Scalopinae – Gill, 1875 – five genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Condylura

Black mole

Illiger, 1811

One species
 		Eastern United States and Canada
Map of range 		Size: 10–13 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 5–9 cm (2–4 in) tail[77]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands[78]

Diet: Aquatic invertebrates, as well as other invertebrates, crustaceans, mollusks and small fish[79]
Parascalops

Black mole

True, 1894

One species
 		Eastern United States and Canada
Map of range 		Size: 13–18 cm (5–7 in) long, plus 3 cm (1 in) tail[80]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[81]

Diet: Insects, as well as other invertebrates[80]
Scalopus

Black and pink mole

Geoffroy, 1803

One species
 		Eastern and central North America
Map of range 		Size: 14–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[82]

Habitats: Forest and grassland[83]

Diet: Insects and earthworms, as well as plants[82]
Scapanulus Thomas, 1912

One species
 		Central China
Map of range 		Size: 9–11 cm (4 in), plus 3–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[84]

Habitats: Forest[85]

Diet: Earthworms and other invertebrates[84]
Scapanus
(western mole)

Black mole

Pomel, 1848

Three species
 		Western North America Size range: 11 cm (4 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail (northern broad-footed mole) to 19 cm (7 in) long, plus 5 cm (2 in) tail (coast mole)[86]

Habitats: Coastal marine, grassland, forest, and savanna[87]

Diets: Earthworms, as well as other invertebrates, plants, and fungi[86]
Subfamily Talpinae – G. Fischer, 1814 – eleven genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Desmana

Brown mole

Güldenstädt, 1777

One species
 		Western and central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 18–22 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 17–22 cm (7–9 in) tail[88]

Habitats: Inland wetlands[89]

Diet: Fish, mollusks, amphibians, crustaceans, and insects[88]
Dymecodon

Brown mole

True, 1886

One species
 		Japan
Map of range 		Size: 6–11 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 2–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[90]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[91]

Diet: Worms, insects, and other invertebrates[90]
Euroscaptor
(Asiatic mole)

Brown mole

Miller, 1940

Seven species
 		Eastern and southeastern Asia Size range: 7 cm (3 in) long, plus 4 cm (2 in) tail (Vietnamese mole) to 15 cm (6 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail (greater Chinese mole)[92]

Habitats: Grassland and forest[93]

Diets: Insects and other invertebrates[92]
Galemys

Black mole

Kaup, 1829

One species
 		Iberian Peninsula
Map of range 		Size: 11–16 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail[94]

Habitats: Inland wetlands[95]

Diet: Insects and crustaceans[96]
Mogera
(East Asian mole)

Brown mole

Pomel, 1848

Seven species
 		Eastern Asia Size range: 8 cm (3 in) long, plus 1 cm (0.4 in) tail (Insular mole) to 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 2 cm (1 in) tail (Ussuri mole)[97]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and forest[98]

Diets: Earthworms, caterpillars and insects[97]
Neurotrichus

Black mole

Günther, 1880

One species
 		Western North America
Map of range 		Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[99]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[100]

Diet: Earthworms, insects, other invertebrates, fungi, and seeds[101]
Parascaptor

Black mole

Gill, 1875

One species
 		Eastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 11–12 cm (4–5 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) tail[90]

Habitats: Forest[102]

Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[90]
Scaptochirus H. Milne-Edwards, 1867

One species
 		Northern China
Map of range 		Size: About 14 cm (6 in)[103]

Habitats: Desert and grassland[104]

Diet: Arthropod larvae[104]
Scaptonyx

Drawing of black mole

H. Milne-Edwards, 1872

One species
 		Eastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2 in) tail[105]

Habitats: Forest[106]

Diet: Likely earthworms and other invertebrates[105]
Talpa
(European mole)

Black mole

Linnaeus, 1758

Eleven species
 		Europe and western and northern Asia Size range: 9–18 cm (4–7 in) long, plus 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) tail[107]

Habitats: Coastal marine, grassland, forest, and shrubland[108]

Diets: Earthworms and insects[107]
Urotrichus

Black mole

Temminck, 1841

One species
 		Japan
Map of range 		Size: 6–11 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 2–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[90]

Habitats: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[109]

Diet: Insects, spiders, worms, and other invertebrates[90]
Subfamily Uropsilinae – Dobson, 1883 – one genus
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Uropsilus
(shrew-like mole) 		A. Milne-Edwards, 1871

Four species
 		Central and southern China and northern Myanmar Size range: 6–9 cm (2–4 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[110]

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, and forest[111]

Diets: Invertebrates[110]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Sato, J. J.; Bradford, T. M.; et al. (2019). "Post K-Pg diversification of the mammalian order Eulipotyphla as suggested by phylogenomic analyses of ultra-conserved elements". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 141: 106605. Bibcode:2019MolPE.14106605S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106605. PMID 31479732.
  2. ^ Sato, J. J.; Ohdachi, S. D.; et al. (2016). "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear genes suggests a Cenozoic over-water dispersal origin for the Cuban solenodon". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 31173. Bibcode:2016NatSR...631173S. doi:10.1038/srep31173. PMC 4976362. PMID 27498968.
  3. ^ Dubey, S.; Salamin, N.; et al. (2007). "Molecular phylogenetics of shrews (Mammalia: Soricidae) reveal timing of transcontinental colonizations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (1): 126–137. Bibcode:2007MolPE..44..126D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.12.002. PMID 17267241.
  4. ^ Wilson, Reeder, pp. 212–311
  5. ^ a b Atelerix sizes and diets:
  6. ^ Atelerix habitats:
  7. ^ a b Erinaceus sizes and diets:
  8. ^ Erinaceus habitats:
  9. ^ a b Hemiechinus sizes and diets:
  10. ^ Hemiechinus habitats:
  11. ^ a b Mesechinus sizes and diets:
  12. ^ Mesechinus habitats:
  13. ^ a b Paraechinus sizes and diets:
  14. ^ Paraechinus habitats:
  15. ^ Nowak, p. 173
  16. ^ Cassola, F. (2016). "Echinosorex gymnura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40603A22326807. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40603A22326807.en.
  17. ^ Fox, David L. (2023). "Echinosorex gymnura". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  18. ^ a b Hylomys sizes and diets:
  19. ^ Hylomys habitats:
  20. ^ a b c d Nowak, p. 172
  21. ^ Johnston, C.; Smith, A. T. (2016). "Neohylomys hainanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10588A22326961. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T10588A22326961.en.
  22. ^ Smith, A. T.; Johnston, C. H. (2016). "Neotetracus sinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10590A22325953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10590A22325953.en.
  23. ^ a b Podogymnura sizes and diets:
  24. ^ Podogymnura habitats:
  25. ^ a b c d Nowak, pp. 199, 201
  26. ^ Kennerley, R.; Turvey, S. T.; et al. (2018). "Atopogale cubana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T20320A22327125. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T20320A22327125.en.
  27. ^ Kennerley, R.; Turvey, S. T.; et al. (2020). "Solenodon paradoxus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T20321A22327218. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T20321A22327218.en.
  28. ^ a b Nowak, p. 221
  29. ^ Crocidura habitats:
  30. ^ a b c Nowak, p. 227
  31. ^ a b Tsytsulina, K.; Formozov, N.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Diplomesodon pulchellum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41448A115186837. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41448A22293795.en.
  32. ^ a b c Nowak, p. 226
  33. ^ de A. Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S.; Molur, S. (2020). "Feroculus feroculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T8553A22292753. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T8553A22292753.en.
  34. ^ a b Paracrocidura sizes and diets:
    • Grauer's large-headed shrew, Greater large-headed shrew, Lesser large-headed shrew: Nowak, p. 222
  35. ^ Paracrocidura habitats:
  36. ^ Nowak, p. 225
  37. ^ Kerbis Peterhans, J. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Ruwenzorisorex suncoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19790A115153189. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T19790A22290635.en.
  38. ^ a b Scutisorex sizes and diets:
  39. ^ Scutisorex habitats:
  40. ^ de A. Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S.; Nameer, P. O.; et al. (2016) [errata version of 2008 assessment]. "Solisorex pearsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T20332A88692605. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T20332A9186854.en.
  41. ^ a b Suncus sizes and diets:
  42. ^ Suncus habitats:
  43. ^ a b Sylvisorex sizes and diets:
    • Bamenda pygmy shrew, Bioko forest shrew, Corbet's forest shrew, Dudu Akaibe's pygmy shrew, Kongana shrew, Lesser forest shrew:
    • Cameroonian forest shrew, Johnston's forest shrew, Volcano shrew: Kingdon, pp. 186, 187
    • Grant's forest shrew: Kingdon, pp. 186, 188
    • Greater forest shrew: Kingdon, pp. 186, 195
    • Howell's forest shrew: Kingdon, pp. 186, 189
    • Moon forest shrew, Rain forest shrew: Kingdon, pp. 186, 193
    • Mount Cameroon forest shrew: Kingdon, pp. 186, 194
  44. ^ Sylvisorex habitats:
  45. ^ a b Congosorex sizes and diets:
    • Greater Congo shrew: Kingdon, pp. 43, 52
    • Lesser Congo shrew: Kingdon, pp. 43, 53
    • Phillips' Congo shrew: Kingdon, pp. 43, 51
  46. ^ Congosorex habitats:
  47. ^ a b Myosorex sizes and diets:
  48. ^ Myosorex habitats:
  49. ^ a b Surdisorex sizes and diets:
    • Aberdare mole shrew, Mount Elgon mole shrew, Mount Kenya mole shrew: Nowak, pp. 217, 218
  50. ^ Surdisorex habitats:
  51. ^ a b Anourosorex sizes and diets:
  52. ^ Anourosorex habitats:
  53. ^ a b Blarina sizes and diets:
  54. ^ Blarina habitats:
  55. ^ a b Blarinella sizes and diets:
    • Asiatic short-tailed shrew, Burmese short-tailed shrew, Indochinese short-tailed shrew: Nowak, p. 208
  56. ^ Blarinella habitats:
  57. ^ a b Chimarrogale sizes and diets:
  58. ^ Chimarrogale habitats:
  59. ^ a b Chodsigoa sizes and diets:
    • De Winton's shrew, Lamulate shrew, Lesser Taiwanese shrew, Lowe's shrew, Pygmy brown-toothed shrew, Salenski's shrew, Smith's shrew, Van Sung's shrew: Nowak, p. 214
  60. ^ Chodsigoa habitats:
  61. ^ a b Cryptotis sizes and diets:
  62. ^ Cryptotis habitats:
  63. ^ a b Episoriculus sizes and diets:
    • Hodgson's brown-toothed shrew, Long-tailed brown-toothed shrew, Long-tailed mountain shrew, Taiwanese brown-toothed shrew: Nowak, p. 214
  64. ^ Episoriculus habitats:
  65. ^ a b Nowak, p. 212
  66. ^ Woodman, N.; Álvarez Castañeda, S. T.; et al. (2016). "Megasorex gigas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41454A22319710. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41454A22319710.en.
  67. ^ a b Jain, Divya (2002). "Nectogale elegans". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on March 31, 2024. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
  68. ^ Molur, S. (2016). "Nectogale elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41455A22319497. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41455A22319497.en.
  69. ^ a b Neomys sizes and diets:
  70. ^ Neomys habitats:
  71. ^ a b Notiosorex sizes and diets:
  72. ^ Notiosorex habitats:
  73. ^ a b Sorex sizes and diets:
  74. ^ Sorex habitats:
  75. ^ a b Nowak, p. 214
  76. ^ Molur, S. (2016). "Soriculus nigrescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41434A22319613. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41434A22319613.en.
  77. ^ Nowak, pp. 241–242
  78. ^ Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Condylura cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41458A115187740. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41458A22322697.en.
  79. ^ Zera, Sean (2004). "Condylura cristata". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on March 19, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  80. ^ a b Akers, Ashanti (2022). "Parascalops breweri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on March 16, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  81. ^ Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Parascalops breweri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41469A115188181. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41469A22322790.en.
  82. ^ a b Townsend, Shaparis (2023). "Scalopus aquaticus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on October 6, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  83. ^ Matson, J.; Woodman, N.; et al. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Scalopus aquaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41471A115188304. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41471A22319923.en.
  84. ^ a b Nowak, p. 239
  85. ^ Smith, A. T.; Johnston, C. H. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Scapanulus oweni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41472A115188420. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41472A22322596.en.
  86. ^ a b Scapanus sizes and diets:
  87. ^ Scapanus habitats:
  88. ^ a b Ellis, Eric J. (2024). "Desmana moschata". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  89. ^ Rutovskaya, M.; Gazzard, A.; et al. (2023). "Desmana moschata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T6506A231334630. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T6506A231334630.en.
  90. ^ a b c d e f Nowak, p. 237
  91. ^ Laginha Pinto Correia, D. (2016). "Dymecodon pilirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41488A22323252. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41488A22323252.en.
  92. ^ a b Euroscaptor sizes and diets:
    • Greater Chinese mole, Himalayan mole, Kloss's mole, Long-nosed mole, Small-toothed mole:
    • Japanese mountain mole: Nowak, p. 236
    • Vietnamese mole:
      • Abramov, A. V.; Shchinov, A. V.; et al. (2013). "Insectivorous mammals (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla) of the Ba Vi National Park, Northern Vietnam". Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 317 (3): 221–225. doi:10.31610/trudyzin/2013.317.3.221.
      • Nowak, p. 236
  93. ^ Euroscaptor habitats:
  94. ^ Nowak, p. 232
  95. ^ Quaglietta, L. (2022) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. "Galemys pyrenaicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T8826A214429993. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T8826A214429993.en.
  96. ^ Weinstein, Bret (2024). "Galemys pyrenaicus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on March 16, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  97. ^ a b Mogera sizes and diets:
  98. ^ Mogera habitats:
  99. ^ Nowak, p. 238
  100. ^ Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Neurotrichus gibbsii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41468A115188045. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41468A22323093.en.
  101. ^ Gochis, Emily (2002). "Neurotrichus gibbsii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  102. ^ Molur, S. (2016). "Parascaptor leucura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41470A22322993. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41470A22322993.en.
  103. ^ Nowak, p. 235
  104. ^ a b Smith, A. T.; Johnston, C. H. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Scaptochirus moschatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41476A115188844. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41476A22322461.en.
  105. ^ a b Nowak, p. 233
  106. ^ Chiozza, F. (2016). "Scaptonyx fusicaudus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41477A22322866. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41477A22322866.en.
  107. ^ a b Talpa sizes and diets:
  108. ^ Talpa habitats:
  109. ^ Cassola, F. (2016). "Urotrichus talpoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41489A22323186. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41489A22323186.en.
  110. ^ a b Uropsilus sizes and diets:
    • Anderson's shrew mole, Gracile shrew mole: Nowak, p. 230
    • Chinese shrew mole, Inquisitive shrew mole:
  111. ^ Uropsilus habitats:

Sources

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