Lobelia
| Lobelia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lobelia laxiflora | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Subfamily: | |
| Genus: | Lobelia |
| Species | |
|
See text. | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Enchysia C.Presl | |
Lobelia (/[invalid input: 'icon']l[invalid input: 'ɵ']ˈbiːliə/)[2] is a genus of flowering plant comprising 360–400 species, with a subcosmopolitan distribution primarily in tropical to warm temperate regions of the world, a few species extending into cooler temperate regions.[3] English names include Lobelia, Asthma Weed, Barfweed, Indian Tobacco, Heaveleaf, Pukeweed, Retchwort, Fool's Bane, and Vomitwort.
Some botanists place the genus and its relatives in the separate family Lobeliaceae, others as a subfamily Lobelioideae within the Campanulaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group did not make a firm decision in this, listing the genus under both families.
Lobelia is probably the base form from which many other lobelioid genera are derived; it is therefore highly paraphyletic and not a good genus.[not specific enough to verify][original research?] For example, the Hawaiian species (see Hawaiian lobelioids) originated from a single introduction to Hawaii 15 million years ago, probably from an Asian Lobelia in Lobelia subg. Tupa.[4] However, the group has not yet been studied adequately to rearrange the classification.[citation needed]
Lobelia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Setaceous Hebrew Character.
The genus is named after the Belgian botanist Matthias de Lobel (1538–1616).[3]
Selected species
.jpg)
Mexican spurred lobelias
About eleven species native to Mexico and Central America have spurs on the flowers. These spurred lobelias appear to form a monophyletic group. Most have been classified in the genera Heterotoma (or sometimes Calcaratolobelia). However, since their closest relatives, such as Lobelia anatina, are in Lobelia, Koopman and Ayers classify them in Lobelia.[8]
Partial list:
- Lobelia aurita (Heterotoma aurita). One of the most common understory plants in the Sierra de la Laguna pine-oak forests.[9]
- Lobelia calcarata (Heterotoma lobelioides[10] or Lobelia lobelioides[8])
- Lobelia cordifolia (Heterotoma cordifolia)[11]
- Lobelia flexuosa (Heterotoma flexuosa)[11]
- Lobelia mcvaughii[11]
- Lobelia volcanica (Heterotoma tenella)[11]
Formerly placed here
- Apteria aphylla (Nutt.) Barnhart ex Small (as L. aphylla Nutt.)
- Centropogon cornutus (L.) Druce (as L. cornuta L. or L. surinamensis L.)
- Cyanea angustifolia (Cham.) Hillebr. (as L. angustifolia Cham.)
- Cyanea calycina (Cham.) Lammers (as L. calycina Cham.)
- Cyanea crispa (Gaudich.) Lammers et al. (as L. crispa (Gaudich.) Endl.)
- Cyanea pinnatifida (Cham.) E. Wimm. (as L. pinnatifida Cham.)
- Cyanea superba (Cham.) A.Gray (as L. superba Cham.)
- Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G.Don (as L. longiflora L.)
- Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) Steenis (as L. pumila Burm.f.)
- Pratia angulata (G.Forst.) Hook.f. (as L. angulata G.Forst.)
- Pratia concolor (R.Br.) Druce (as L. concolor R.Br.)
- Pratia montana (Reinw. ex Blume) Hassk. (as L. montana Reinw. ex Blume)
- Pratia nummularia (Lam.) A.Braun & Asch. (as L. begoniifolia Wall.)[6]
Cultivation and uses
Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens. These include Lobelia cardinalis (syn. Lobelia fulgens: Cardinal Flower or Indian Pink), Lobelia siphilitica (Blue Lobelia), and Lobelia erinus, as well as some hybrids. Note Lobelia x speciosa refers to a hybrid derived from Lobelia fulgens, L. cardinalis & L. siphilitica. The term "Fan hybrids" is also used. [12]
Lobelia erinus, a South African annual plant that includes many cultivated selections in a wide variety of colours. They are grown in beds, large pots, window boxes and in hanging baskets. The plants are most often grown away from sunny hot southern exposures (northern exposures in the southern hemisphere) in soils that are moisture retentive.
In the Victorian language of flowers, the lobelia symbolizes malevolence and ill will.
Medicinal use
Native Americans used lobelia to treat respiratory and muscle disorders, and as a purgative. The species used most commonly in modern herbalism is Lobelia inflata (Indian Tobacco).[13] However, there are adverse effects that limit the use of lobelia.[14]
Extracts of Lobelia inflata contain lobeline, which showed positive effects in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tumor cells.[15] Furthermore, lobeline can be modified to lobelane which decreased methamphetamine self-administration in rats.[16] It therefore opens a perspective in methamphetamine dependency treatment.[17]
Lobelia has been used as "asthmador" in Appalachian folk medicine [18]
Two species, Lobelia siphilitica and Lobelia cardinalis, were once considered a cure for syphilis.[19]
Herbalist Samuel Thomson popularized medicinal use of lobelia in the United States in the early 19th century, as well as other medicinal plants like goldenseal.[13]
One species, Lobelia chinensis (called bàn biān lián, 半边莲 in Chinese), is used as one of the fifty fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine.
Several studies show that lobelia is ineffective in helping people to quit smoking.[20]
Adverse effects
Because of its similarity to nicotine, the internal use of lobelia may be dangerous to susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women,[21] and individuals with cardiac disease. Excessive use will cause nausea and vomiting.[22] It is not recommended for use by pregnant women and is best administered by a practitioner qualified in its use.
See also
References
- ^ a b "Genus: Lobelia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-01-27. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
- ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
- ^ a b Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
- ^ Craig C. Buss; Thomas G. Lammers; Robert R. Wise; Craig C. Buss; Thomas G. Lammers; Robert R. Wise (2001). "Seed Coat Morphology and Its Systematic Implications in Cyanea and Other Genera of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 88 (7): 1301–1308. doi:10.2307/3558341. JSTOR 3558341. PMID 11454630.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile.php/37480
- ^ a b "GRIN Species Records of Lobelia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1999-01-27. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
- ^ "Lobelia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ a b Koopman, M. M.; Ayers, T. J. (2005). "Nectar spur evolution in the Mexican lobelias (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)". American Journal of Botany. 92 (3): 558–62. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.3.558. PMID 21652434.
- ^ Díaz, Sara C.; Touchan, Ramzi; Swetnam, Thomas W. (2001). "A tree-ring reconstruction of past precipitation for Baja California Sur, Mexico". International Journal of Climatology. 21 (8): 1007. doi:10.1002/joc.664.
- ^ ipni.org
- ^ a b c d World Checklist
- ^ Paghat's Garden: "Fan Burgundy" Cardinal Flower
- ^ a b "Lobelia". EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board. 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ "Risky pills: Supplements to avoid". Consumer reports. 73 (1): 46–7. 2008. PMID 18488285.
- ^ Ma Y, Wink M (2008). "Lobeline, a piperidine alkaloid from Lobelia can reverse P-gp dependent multidrug resistance in tumor cells". Phytomedicine. 15 (9): 754–8. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.028. PMID 18222670.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Neugebauer NM, Harrod SB, Stairs DJ, Crooks PA, Dwoskin LP, Bardo MT (2007). "Lobelane decreases methamphetamine self-administration in rats". Eur J Pharmacol. 571 (1): 33–8. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.06.003. PMC 2104779. PMID 17612524.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Eine explosive Droge : Textarchiv : Berliner Zeitung Archiv
- ^ AJ Giannini, AE Slaby, MC Giannini. Handbook of Overdose and Detoxification Emergencies. New Hyde Park, NY Medical Examination Publishing,1982. Pp.53-56. ISBN 0-87488-182-X
- ^ Guédon, Marie-Françoise (2000). Sacred Smudging in North America. Walkabout Press.
- ^ Lancaster, T; Stead, L; Silagy, C; Sowden, A (2000). "Effectiveness of interventions to help people stop smoking: findings from the Cochrane Library". BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 321 (7257): 355–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7257.355. PMC 1118332. PMID 10926597Template:Inconsistent citations
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Lobelia, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
- ^ Lobelia, drugs.com
Further reading
Everitt, J.H. (2007). Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 0-89672-614-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)