Matilda McCrear
Matilda McCrear | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1857 |
| Died | January 1940 (aged 83) |
| Other names | Matilda Creagh |
| Occupation | Farmer (1865–) |
Matilda McCrear (c. 1857 – January 1940) was the last known living survivor in the United States of the transatlantic slave trade and the ship Clotilda. She was a Yoruba who was captured and brought to Mobile, Mobile County, Alabama, at the age of two with her mother and older sister.[1][2]
The girls were sold away from their mother and never reunited. Together with other American slaves in Union-occupied territory in the South, Matilda was granted freedom by the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. She and her family did not achieve freedom until after the de facto abolition of slavery in 1865. She continued to be a sharecropper as an adult, and had a family of fourteen children with a white German-born American common-law husband. She died in Selma, Alabama.
McCrear's life became publicly known through research by Hannah Durkin of Newcastle University, published in 2020.
Life
McCrear was captured as a young child in West Africa with her mother and sister by the army of the West African kingdom of Dahomey, which had attacked their home.[3] The Dahomeyans transported their prisoners to the coastal port of Ouidah. Captain William Foster of the Clotilda, the last known slave ship to have carried captives from Africa to the United States, later arrived in Ouidah and transported 110 enslaved Africans including McCrear to the United States illegally (the U.S. illegalized the Atlantic slave trade in 1808 with the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves).
Writing in his journal in 1860, Captain William Foster of the Clotilda described how he came in possession of the enslaved Africans on his ship,
from thence I went to see the King of Dahomey. Having agreeably transacted affairs with the Prince we went to the warehouse where they had in confinement four thousand captives in a state of nudity from which they gave me liberty to select one hundred and twenty-five as mine offering to brand them for me, from which I preemptorily [sic] forbid; commenced taking on cargo of negroes [sic], successfully securing on board one hundred and ten.[4]
She was a member of the Yoruba people.[5] She received traditional facial scars, which were visible for the rest of her life. When she was two years old, she and her mother Gracie and sister Sallie (as they were named in the US), were captured and bought by a planter, Memorable Creagh. They were among more than 100 Africans transported in 1860 on the Clotilda.[6] She had two other sisters whose names are not known, and a stepfather Guy. The girls were later sold apart from their mother and never reunited.[2]
After the abolition of slavery in 1865, McCrear (who first took the surname of Creagh) continued to work as a sharecropper in Alabama with her mother and sister.[7] She never married but, according to her grandson, had 14 children with a white German-born man. She changed her name from Creagh to McCrear.[8]
In her seventies, she made a legal claim for compensation for her enslavement, which was dismissed.[9] According to Durkin, she appears to have continued to have worn her hair in a traditional Yoruba style all her life. She died in Selma, Dallas County, Alabama, aged 83.[1]
Prior to the publication of Durkin's research in 2020, McCrear's contemporary Redoshi (c. 1848 – 1937) was thought to be the last living survivor of the Clotilda and of the transatlantic slave trade.[10]
References
- ^ a b Coughlan, Sean (2020-03-25). "Last survivor of transatlantic slave trade discovered". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2020-03-25. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
- ^ a b Durkin, Hannah (2020-03-19). "Uncovering The Hidden Lives of Last Clotilda Survivor Matilda McCrear and Her Family". Slavery & Abolition. 41 (3): 431–457. doi:10.1080/0144039X.2020.1741833. ISSN 0144-039X. S2CID 216497607.
- ^ "The last slave ship survivor and her descendants identified". National Geographic Society. 28 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ^ "Last Slaver from U.S. to Africa. A.D. 1860": Capt. William Foster, Journal of Clotilda Archived 2021-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, 1860, Mobile Public Library Digital Collections; accessed 28 January 2018
- ^ Katz, Brigit. "Researcher Identifies the Last Known Survivor of the Transatlantic Slave Trade". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 2020-03-28. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
- ^ "The last slave ship survivor and her descendants identified". History. 2020-03-27. Archived from the original on 2020-03-28. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
- ^ Gifford, Storm. "Final survivor of transatlantic slave trade revealed to have died 80 years ago". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-29. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
- ^ "Matilda McCrear – the hidden story of the last transatlantic slave trade survivor". HeritageDaily - Archaeology News. 2020-03-25. Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
- ^ "Survivor of Transatlantic Slave Trade Identified - Archaeology Magazine". www.archaeology.org. Archived from the original on 2020-03-27. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
- ^ Guy, Jack. "Last known survivor of transatlantic slave trade identified". CNN. Archived from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2020-03-29.