Moot court

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A law school's courtroom

A moot court is an extracurricular activity at many law schools in which participants take part in simulated court proceedings, which usually involves drafting briefs (or memorials) and participating in oral argument. The term derives from Anglo-Saxon times, when a moot (gmot or emot) was a gathering of prominent men in a locality to discuss matters of local importance. The modern activity differs from a mock trial, as moot court usually refers to a simulated appellate court or arbitral case, while a mock trial usually refers to a simulated jury trial or bench trial. Moot court does not involve actual testimony by witnesses or the presentation of evidence, but is focused solely on the application of the law to a common set of evidentiary assumptions to which the competitors must be introduced. In most countries, the phrase "a moot court" may be shortened to simply "a moot" and the activity may be called "mooting".

Moot court, together with law review, form the two key extracurricular activities in many law schools. Students typically spend a semester researching and writing the memorials, and another semester practicing their oral arguments. Whereas domestic moot court competitions tend to focus on municipal law, regional and international moot competitions tend to focus on subjects such as public international law, international human rights law, international humanitarian law, international trade law, international maritime law, and international commercial arbitration.

Contents

International moot competitions [edit]

List of notable competitions [edit]

Competition Established Subject matter Annual participation Location of international finals National or regional rounds Most wins
Jessup[1] 1960 Public international law 600–650 teams Washington D.C. Yes National University of Singapore (4)
University of Texas (4)
Willem C. Vis Moot[2] 1993 International commercial arbitration 280–300 teams Vienna No Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg (2)
University of Queensland (2)
Vis East[3] 2003 International commercial arbitration 90–100 teams Hong Kong No Loyola Law School (2)
Price Media Law Moot[4] 2008 International media law 115 teams Oxford Yes Six-way tie (1)
Red Cross (Asia-Pacific) IHL Moot 2002 International humanitarian law 20–30 teams Hong Kong Yes University of Hong Kong (3)
Asia Cup[5] 1999 Public international law 20–30 teams Tokyo Yes Ateneo de Manila University (4)
University of the Philippines (4)
LAWASIA 2006 International commercial arbitration 15–40 teams Varies Yes University of Hong Kong (3)
International Law Youth for Peace 2006 International humanitarian law 30 teams Minsk No
International Maritime Law Arbitration Moot[6] 2000 International maritime law 15–20 teams Varies No
Sir Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot 1992 Space law 60–70 teams Varies Yes George Washington University Law School (4)
IASLA Space Law Moot Court Competition 2010 Space law 20–30 teams Varies Yes University of Melbourne (1)
Jean-Pictet[7] 1989 (2000 for the English-speaking rounds) International humanitarian law 48–56 teams Varies No Université Libre de Bruxelles (4)
African Human Rights Moot Court Competition[8] 1992 Human rights in Africa 80 teams Varies within Africa No University of Pretoria (5)
University of Cocody (5)
Oxford Intellecual Property Law Moot 2004 Intellectual property law Oxford No Queensland University of Technology (3)
ELSA World Trade Organisation 2002 World Trade Organisation 50–70 teams Yes
ELMC 1988 European law 80–100 teams Luxembourg Yes
D.M. Harish 2000 Public international law 45–50 teams Mumbai No
Thomas Tang 1993 70–80 teams Varies Yes
International Environmental Moot Court Competition[9] 1995 International environmental law 20 teams Gulfport, Florida Yes
Frederick Douglass Moot Court Competition[10] 1975 Domestic/International law 100–125 teams Varies Yes
ICC Trial Competition[11] 2007 International criminal law 12–19 teams The Hague Yes
Foreign Direct Investment International Arbitration Moot[12] 2008 Foreign direct investment law 25 teams Rotates among Boston, Frankfurt, Malibu, London Yes
International Moot Competition on Maritime Arbitration[13] 2010 Maritime law Odessa No
Frankfurt Investment Arbitration Moot Court[14] 2007 International investment arbitration 30–40 teams Frankfurt Yes
World Human Rights Moot Court Competition 2009 International human rights law Pretoria Yes

List of champions and finalists [edit]

Year Jessup[1] Vis[2] Vis East Price Space (Lachs) LAWASIA[15] IHL Asia-Pacific[16] Asia Cup[17] Maritime[6] IP[18] Jean Pictet[7] International Law YFP
2013 National Law School of India University/Singapore Management University City University of Hong Kong/Monash University University of Canberra/University of Münster National Law University, Delhi/Regent University National Law University, Delhi/Australian National University University of Ottawa/National Law University, Delhi
2012 Moscow State University/Columbia University Nalsar University of Law /University College London City University of Hong Kong/University of Houston Nalsar University of Law/University of Technology Sydney National Law School of India University/National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Chinese University of Hong Kong/Singapore Management University University of Hong Kong/University of Melbourne Ateneo Law School/Singapore Management University University of Queensland/Queensland University of Technology Queensland University of Technology/University of Oxford Université Libre de Bruxelles
2011 University of Sydney/Columbia University University of Ottawa/University of Montevideo Bond University/City University of Hong Kong Belgrade Law School/Cardozo School of Law Florida State University/National University of Singapore Advance Tertiary College of Malaysia/Singapore Management University Victoria University of Wellington Singapore Management University/Ateneo Law School Murdoch University/University of Southampton London School of Economics/University of Hong Kong Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya Singapore Management University–National University of Singapore/Symbiosis Law School
2010 Australian National University/Columbia University King's College London/University of Ottawa Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg/Deakin University Singapore Management University/Cardozo School of Law George Washington University Law School/National University of Singapore National Law University, Delhi/Advance Tertiary College of Malaysia University of Hong Kong Singapore Management University/Universitas Pelita Harapan National University of Singapore Boston University/Queensland University of Technology Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya /Symbiosis Law School
2009 Universidad de los Andes/University College London Victoria University of Wellington/University of Pune Loyola Law School/Stetson University Cardozo School of Law/BPP Law School National Law School of India University/Georgetown University Advance Tertiary College of Malaysia/Singapore Management University Universitas Indonesia University of the Philippines/Kathmandu School of Law University of Queensland/Universitas Indonesia Queensland University of Technology Université de Caen
2008 Case Western Reserve University/University of New South Wales Carlos III University of Madrid/Touro Law Center Griffith University International Islamic University of Malaysia University of New South Wales/University of Augsburg University of Hong Kong National University of Singapore Ateneo Law School/University of Hong Kong University of Queensland National University of Singapore Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
2007 University of Sydney/King's College London Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg/University of Zagreb Pepperdine University School of Law/Monash University George Washington University Law School University of Hong Kong University of Sydney University of the Philippines Universitas Indonesia Queensland University of Technology University of New South Wales
2006 Columbia University/Universidad Católica Andrés Bello Queen Mary/Stetson University Loyola Law School University of Auckland NA University of Queensland Universitas Indonesia Queensland University of Technology National University of Singapore Université Libre de Bruxelles
2005 University of Queensland/International Islamic University of Malaysia Stetson University/University of Vienna West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences George Washington University Law School University of Hong Kong University of the Philippines National University of Singapore University of Birmingham London School of Economics
2004 Ateneo Law School/National University of Singapore Osgoode Hall Law School/Victoria University of Wellington Tsinghua University/Loyola University Chicago University of Leiden National University of Singapore National University of Singapore University College Dublin University of Cambridge
2003 University of Western Australia/Mari State University West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences/Humboldt University University of Auckland University of Hong Kong University of the Philippines University of New South Wales
2002 University of the Witwatersrand/University of Western Australia National University of Singapore/University of Queensland Georgetown University Ateneo Law School Université de Fribourg
2001 National University of Singapore/Universidad Católica Andrés Bello Monash University/University of Cologne National University of Singapore National University of Singapore National University of Singapore Université catholique de Louvain
2000 University of Melbourne/Universidad Católica Andrés Bello University of Queensland/Loyola Law School University of Paris XI University of the Philippines National University of Singapore Université catholique de Louvain
1999 National Law School of India University/University of Pretoria Deakin University/Tulane University Vanderbilt University Ateneo Law School Université de Fribourg
1998 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Australian National University University of Münster/University of Queensland University of North Carolina Université Libre de Bruxelles
1997 Universidad Católica Andrés Bello/University of Calgary University of Queensland/University of Cologne University of Paris XI University of Auvergne
1996 University of Sydney/National University of Singapore Cornell University/Deakin University University of Helsinki Université du Québec à Montréal
1995 University of the Philippines/University of Western Australia Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg/University of Nottingham University of North Carolina Graduate Institute of International Studies
1994 National University of Singapore/University of Melbourne Columbia University/Laval University Marshall University Collège militaire royal du Canada
1993 University of Melbourne/University of Hawaii Leiden University Essex University
1992 Universite de Paris I/National University of Singapore George Washington University Law School Barreau de Montréal
1991 University of Saskatchewan/University of Georgia Barreau de Montréal
1990 University of Georgia/University of Toronto Aix-Marseille III
1989 University of British Columbia/University of Melbourne Université Libre de Bruxelles
1988 University of Melbourne/National University of Singapore
1987 Georgetown University
1986 Boston College/National University of Singapore
1985 National University of Singapore/Southwestern University
1984 Dalhousie University
1983 University of Kansas
1982 National University of Singapore
1981 Australian National University
1980 Georgetown University/National University of Singapore
1979 Northwestern University
1978 Brooklyn Law School/University of Toronto
1977 University of Kansas/University of Toronto
1976 University of Toronto
1975 Cambridge University
1974 University of Texas
1973 West Virginia University
1972 University of Miami
1971 University of Texas
1970 University of Miami
1969 Rutgers University
University of Michigan
1968 Duke University
1967 Vanderbilt University
1966 University of Texas
1965 Columbia University
1964 University of Texas
1963 Columbia University

Domestic moot competitions [edit]

List of notable competitions [edit]

USA [edit]

Operation [edit]

Law schools structure their moot court programs differently. Some moot court organizations accept a small group of people for membership, and those members each participate in a number of national or regional moot court competitions. Other schools accept a larger number of members, and each member is matched with one competition. A few schools conduct moot court entirely intramurally. Moot court competitions are typically sponsored by organizations with interest in one particular area of law, and the moot court problems address an issue in that field. Competitions are often judged by legal practitioners with expertise in the particular area of law, or sometimes by sitting judges.

The basic structure of a moot court competition roughly parallels what would happen in actual appellate practice. Participants will typically receive a problem ahead of time, which includes the facts of the underlying case, and often an opinion from a lower court that is being challenged in the problem. Students must then research and prepare for that case as if they were lawyers or advocates for one or sometimes both of the parties. Depending on the competition, participants will be required to submit written briefs, participate in oral argument, or both. The case or problem is often one of current interest, sometimes mimicking an actual case, and sometimes fabricated to address difficult legal issues.

A number of moot court competitions focus on specific areas of law. For example, the First Amendment Center annually holds a National First Amendment Moot Court Competition, in which the judges have included numerous United States Circuit Court Judges.[19]

The American Collegiate Moot Court Association [edit]

 This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013)

Every year undergraduates across the world participate in moot courts (simulating argument before the Supreme Court). In the United States, undergraduates experience moot court in a variety of disciplines and a variety of settings. The most common are in-class exercises that are assigned by professors. Other schools actually form competitive teams. These teams often compete in intramural events, some in statewide competitions, or they can enter tournaments sponsored by the American Collegiate Moot Court Association – the only national organization dedicated to intercollegiate moot court. The ACMA was founded by the late Dr. Charles Knerr, a political science professor at the University of Texas, Arlington, and by Texas attorney Andrew Sommerman. Since 2001, ACMA has hosted the Championship Tournament to crown the national champion of intercollegiate moot court.

The first several national championship tournaments were hosted successfully by the Honors College at UT-Arlington. The event was open to all comers, and even its first tournament drew teams from across the country even though the field was just over 20 teams. In the next several years, the event continued to grow, typically to between 70-80 teams, and attracted schools from across the United States.

In 2006, ACMA made two decisions that appear to have served as a catalyst to increase substantially the growth of intercollegiate moot court. First, the Executive Committee agreed to move the Championship Tournament to different sites across the country. Since 2007, the event has been hosted by the law schools at Regent University (Virginia Beach, VA), Drake University (Des Moines, IA), Chapman University (Orange, CA), and Florida International University (Miami, FL). The 2010-2011 Championship Tournament was hosted by the law school at Tulane University (New Orleans, LA).[20]

Second, the Executive Committee opted to sponsor a series of national qualifying tournaments in venues across the nation. The process of requiring teams to qualify for the championship tournament certainly seems to have spurred interest in moot court nation-wide. Not only has the organization grown in size, it now truly hosts a national field.

While undergraduate moot court is still a relatively new forensics activity, when compared with speech and debate and intercollegiate mock trial, by the 2009-2010 season, there were 248 teams who competed at the regional tournaments hosted by California State University, Long Beach, Fitchburg State University (MA), Hamline University (MN), Regent School of Law (VA), Texas Tech University School of Law, the University of Tampa (FL), the University of Arkansas at Little Rock School of Law, and The College of Wooster (OH). The regional tournaments vary by size, but there is a standardized process for awarding bids to nationals. Currently, teams that finish in the top 25 percent of each regional earn an automatic bid to the national tournament. The remainder of the 64 team field is awarded to at-large teams with the best records at the qualifying events. No school can earn more than eight bids to the national field. ACMA tournaments currently have three preliminary rounds and a series of elimination rounds are very much like the “sudden death”/”one-and-done” nature of the NCAA basketball tournament. The qualifying tournaments are held during the fall semester, most are in November, and the championship tournament is in mid-January. ACMA is governed by an Executive Committee of educators and attorneys from member schools. It has an elected President who is empowered to implement decisions made by the Executive Committee between called business meetings.

There are other organizations that sponsor intercollegiate moot court tournaments, and will, for instance, host statewide championships, e.g., the Texas Undergraduate Moot Court Association (TUMCA). Smaller invitational tournaments exist which enable teams to gain additional experience in moot court. In California, for instance, students compete in the spring in the California Classic. This event has been held at Mt. St. Mary's College and Fresno State University. There is also fall scrimmage in Texas that has drawn a number of teams from around the nation. Additionally, in 2008, there was a four-school event in the District of Columbia at the Prettyman Judicial Complex. These invitational tournaments are not ACMA-sanctioned events.

Case [edit]

Undergraduate moot court cases pose two certified questions. The case (known as the “record”) includes an appellate majority opinion and a dissent. The “library” is a closed one. Typically, the record includes twenty opinions that students can rely upon for their arguments. Rules allow them to refer to cases cited in the cases directly included in the record. However, they can only rely on these cases within cases to the degree that they were used by the authorities directly in the record. All teams competing in ACMA-sponsored events will argue the same case. ACMA students have engaged in oral argument on issues such as same-sex marriage, national health care, privacy under the 4th Amendment, life terms for minors who are not guilty of murder or attempted murder, freedom of religion, a federal ban on firearms on school grounds, and warrantless domestic wiretapping of suspected terrorists. Cases are written by the ACMA. The case problem is released on the ACMA website by May 1 of each year.

Teams [edit]

Undergraduate moot court teams consist of two oral advocates. The advocates are responsible for knowing both issues – but typically are only asked about one certified question. Each team will receive 20 minutes to argue its case, and each advocate must speak for a minimum of seven minutes. Teams are judged on their forensics, knowledge of the law, demeanor, and ability to answer questions from the bench.

Judges [edit]

Good judges are the key to a good moot court hearing. Judges are typically lawyers or members of the state or federal bench. At times, law students (especially those with past undergraduate moot court experience) are asked to judge. Past judges at ACMA events have included former US Attorney General John Ashcroft, former White House Counsel, D. Edward Wilson, former legal counsel for the US Department of the Treasury D.J. Gribbin, Assistant Attorney General for the State of Maryland Amanda Stakum Conn, Supreme Court reporter for the LA Times David Savage, California Courts of Appeals Justices Paul Turner and Raymond Ikola, a great number of federal judges, including The Honorable Otis Wright, George Schiavelli, and Gerald Lewis, numerous state trial judges, and several law school deans.

Past Oral Advocacy National Champions [edit]

From 2001–2012, the ACMA has hosted 12 National Championship Tournaments. In that time, seven different schools have been crowned as national champions. Patrick Henry College, of Purcellville, Virginia, is the only institution to have won multiple intercollegiate moot court championships to-date.

Year Winner Runner-up
2001 Hardin Simmons College (Marta DeLeon and Sarah Horn) Fitchburg State College
2002 Howard Payne University (Rob Welker and Lorianna Anderson) University of North Texas
2003 California State University, Long Beach (Thomas Hartnett and Ja'Nene Hall) Patrick Henry College
2004 University of Texas at Arlington (Andrew Stubblefield and Mark Melton) College of the Holy Cross
2005 Patrick Henry College (Peter Kamakawiwoole and Sara Wilson) College of the Holy Cross
2006 Patrick Henry College (Brian Wright and Rachel Williams) Patrick Henry College
2007 Armstrong Atlantic State University (Adam Morrison and Brian Dotson) The College of Wooster
2008 The College of Wooster (Katharine McCarthy and Drew Glassroth) Patrick Henry College
2009 Patrick Henry College (Rachel Heflin and Aidan Grano) Patrick Henry College
2010 Patrick Henry College (Rachel Heflin and Jenna Lorence) Baylor University
2011 Patrick Henry College (Alex Harris and Brett Harris) The College of Wooster
2012 Patrick Henry College (Andrew Ferguson and John Caleb Cartee) The College of New Jersey
2013 Patrick Henry College The College of Wooster
Past National Orator Champions [edit]
Year Winner Institution
2004 Andrew Stubblefield University of Texas at Arlington
2009 Aidan Grano Patrick Henry College
2010 Katharine Andrew Holy Cross
2011 Blake Meadows Patrick Henry College
2012 Deevah Shah University of Virginia
2013 Zachary White and Rachel Shonebarger Youngstown State University and The College of Wooster
Written advocacy [edit]

The ACMA also sponsors a brief writing contest. Students are not required to prepare briefs in order to compete for the oral advocacy national title. Teams who enter follow a specific set of rules and compete for prizes. The competition is judged by lawyers and law professors. This competition is named for the late Sandra Knerr, who along with her husband, was a dedicated supporter of intercollegiate moot court.

United Kingdom [edit]

The courts systems differ in various parts of the United Kingdom. Thus, the style of a moot will often vary depending in which jurisdiction it is to be heard, although some national competitions do exist. The principal differences are between the laws in Scotland and those in England and Wales. Each jurisdiction is dealt with separately below.

England and Wales [edit]

In England and Wales the moot will typically simulate proceedings in either the Court of Appeal or the Supreme Court.

Moot questions generally involve two questions of law that are under dispute and come with a set of facts about the case that have been decided at the first instance trial.[21] Generally the question will surround a subject that is unclear under the present state of the law and for which no direct precedent exists. Mooting is a team effort, consisting of senior or lead counsel and junior counsel. It is normal practice for the senior counsel to take on the first point and the junior the second; although this may vary depending upon the exact nature, and necessary length, of the arguments.[22] Typically the question will focus on one area of law, e.g. tort, contract, criminal law or the law of property.

The question will be provided to the teams a few weeks in advance of the moot along with details as to which of the appellant or respondent they are to represent. It is then up to each team to prepare their case as though they were barristers. Authority for each argument is necessary and will usually take the form of precedent from case law but may also involve legislation. Reliance may also be placed on governmental papers, research from NGOs and academic journals and texts.

A few days before the moot takes place each team will prepare and exchange their skeleton arguments or brief. Copies will also be provided to the judge along with the moot problem. The judge is normally an academic or practising solicitor or barrister.

The moot itself takes the form of an oral argument. The order in which the advocates will speak mirrors that of the actual courts the exercise is based upon. In England and Wales the order would be as follows:

  1. senior counsel for the appellant
  2. senior counsel for the respondent
  3. junior counsel for the appellant
  4. junior counsel for the respondent

The competition may also allow the appellants an additional few minutes in order to reply to the respondents arguments.[23]

After the presentation of arguments has concluded, the judge will retire to deliberate on both the law and the overall winning of the moot. A moot is not won and lost on the legal argument, but on the advocacy skills of the participants. It is often the case that the team that has the weaker legal argument is in a better position as they have to argue that much more persuasively.

Scotland [edit]

In Scotland a moot can be set in a variety of fora; in civil law problems it is set most commonly in either the Inner House of the Court of Session or in the House of Lords, although it is not uncommon for a moot to be heard in the Sheriff Court before the Sheriff or Sheriff Principal. Occasionally, an Employment Appeal Tribunal may also be used as a forum for a Scottish civil law moot.

If the moot problem concerns Criminal Law, the moot will most likely be heard as though in the Appellate division of the High Court of Justiciary (commonly known as the Court of Criminal Appeal).

The moot points and style of the problem are similar to that of England and Wales stated above; however, the format of the moot is significantly different. Junior counsel is more likely to take the first moot point and senior counsel the second (this can however be reversed depending on the problem).

The order in which the Advocates will speak mirrors that of the actual courts the exercise is based upon. The order would be as follows:

  1. junior counsel for the appellant
  2. junior counsel for the respondent
  3. senior counsel for the appellant
  4. senior counsel for the respondent

Please note the terms 'appellant' and 'respondent' are used loosely, and depending on the forum, may not be the correct terms, e.g. in an appeal to the Inner House of the Court of Session (known as a 'reclaiming motion', the appellants are in real life known as 'reclaimers'). Generally, Scottish competitions do not allow the appellants a final right of rebuttal of the respondents' arguments.

The format of the moot is far more adversarial than that of English and Welsh moots. This is primarily due to a more adversarial legal system. This manifests itself in different ways, most notably with the appellants and respondents facing each other during a moot, rather than, as in England and Wales, facing the judge.

There is only one national Scottish competition, the Alexander Stone National Legal Debate, administered by the Law School at the University of Glasgow. All Scottish universities that offer the LL.B. are eligible to take part, although in recent years the competition has been fought out mainly between Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Strathclyde universities. The final is held in the Alexander Stone Court Room at the University of Glasgow in February or March each year. The current holder of the trophy is Strathclyde.

There is also an annual inter-varsity competition between the Law Schools of Glasgow and Strathclyde, in the form of the Glasgow Sheriff's Cup. This is organised by Glasgow Sheriff Court and is judged by a Senator of the College of Justice. The moot is held annually in May or June each year and takes place in one of the larger court rooms at Glasgow and Strathkelvin Sheriff Court. The current holder of the trophy is Glasgow, while Glasgow University lead the series 11-9.

Law Schools in Scotland also take part in UK-wide competitions, such as the Oxford University Press and the English Speaking Union Moot. These moots are UK-wide in participation, but typically follow the style and law of moots in England and Wales. The University of Glasgow reached the semi-final of the English Speaking Union moot in 2008 and the final in 2005. The University of Dundee reached the semi finals of The Oxford University Press moots in 2009.

Judges in Scottish moots are typically legal academics, solicitors, sheriffs, advocates or Senators of the College of Justice.

See also [edit]

Portal icon Law portal
  • Moot Alumni Association (MAA), the Alumni Association of the Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot
  • Mootness, which has a precise meaning in United States law that is quite different from United Kingdom usage.


References [edit]

  1. ^ a b "ILSA". ILSA. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  2. ^ a b "Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot list". Cisg.law.pace.edu. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  3. ^ "2004-2005 MOOT". Cisgmoot.org. 2009-09-03. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  4. ^ "Welcome | Price Media Law Moot Court Programme". Pricemootcourt.socleg.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  5. ^ "Records of Asia Cup 2011". International Law Student Exchange Council. Retrieved 27 April 2013. 
  6. ^ a b "International Maritime Law Arbitration". Law.murdoch.edu.au. 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  7. ^ a b "Concours Jean-Pictet - Honours". Concourspictet.org. 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  8. ^ African Human Rights Moot Court Competition Retrieved June 24, 2011
  9. ^ "International Environmental Moot Court Competition | Stetson Law". Law.stetson.edu. 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  10. ^ "Moot Court". NBLSA. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  11. ^ "ICC-Trial Competition". ICC-Trial Competition. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  12. ^ "FDI Moot". FDI Moot. 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  13. ^ "IMCMA". Cilj.org.ua. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  14. ^ "www.investmentmoot.org". www.investmentmoot.org. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  15. ^ "LAWASIA International Moot". LAWASIA. Retrieved 2012-11-20. 
  16. ^ "9th Red Cross International Humanitarian Law Moot 2010". Redcross.org.hk. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  17. ^ http://kokusaiho.aquasky.jp/en/records/index.htm
  18. ^ Oxford Law :: OIPRC moot - results
  19. ^ National First Amendment Moot Court Competition.
  20. ^ "Tulane University - Moot Court Competitors Convene on Campus". Tulane.edu. Retrieved 2012-04-21. 
  21. ^ Mooting Net - How to Moot I
  22. ^ Mooting Net - How to Moot I
  23. ^ Mooting Net - How to Moot II

External links [edit]

Look up moot court in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up The American Collegiate Moot Court Association in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Lexcetera: Moot Court Competition dedicated Website.
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