Necturus

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Necturus
Temporal range: Paleocene–present [1]
Necturus maculosus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Family: Proteidae
Genus: Necturus
Rafinesque, 1819
Species

8 species ( but see text)

Synonyms[2]
  • Exobranchia Rafinesque, 1815 – nomen nudum
  • Phanerobranchus Leuckart, 1821
  • Menobranchus Harlan, 1825
  • Parvurus Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012

Necturus is a genus of aquatic salamanders native to the eastern United States and Canada.[2][3][4] They are commonly known as waterdogs and mudpuppies.[2][3] The common mudpuppy (N. maculosus) is probably the best-known species – as an amphibian with gill slits, it is often dissected in comparative anatomy classes.

Taxonomy

The genus is under scrutiny by herpetologists.[2] The relationship between the species is still being studied. In 1991 Collins elevated N. maculosus louisianensis to full species status, usually considered a subspecies of the common mudpuppy (N. maculosus), but his interpretation was not largely followed.[2][5][6] However, a 2018 study confirmed it as a distinct species, with Amphibian Species of the World following these results, although other authorities do not.[7][8][9]

Species

There are seven to eight species:[5]

Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
Necturus alabamensis Viosca, 1937 Alabama waterdog Alabama.
Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937 syn. N. lodingi Viosca, 1937 western waterdog (formerly the Gulf Coast waterdog) or Mobile mudpuppy. These two names have been recognised as independent species in the past.[3][10] Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas.
Necturus lewisi Brimley, 1924 Neuse River waterdog North Carolina.
Necturus louisianensis Viosca, 1938 Red River waterdog. Sometimes considered a subspecies of N. maculosus.[7][9] southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri, northeastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, and northcentral Louisiana.
Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818) common mudpuppy southern section of Canada, as far south as Georgia
Necturus moleri Guyer et al., 2020 Apalachicola waterdog southeastern Alabama, the Panhandle of Florida, and southwestern to north-central Georgia.
Necturus mounti Guyer et al., 2020 Escambia waterdog southern Alabama and the Panhandle of Florida.
Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) dwarf waterdog from southeastern Virginia to southcentral Georgia.


Two known fossil species, N. krausei and an unnamed species, are respectively known from the Paleocene of Saskatchewan and from Florida during the Pleistocene.[11][12]

Description

Necturus are paedomorphic: adults retain larval-like morphology with external gills, two pairs of gill slits, and no eyelids. They are moderately robust and have two pairs of short but well-developed limbs and a large, laterally compressed tail. Lungs are present but small. Typical adult size is 20–25 cm (8–10 in) in total length, but Necturus punctatus is larger and may reach 40 cm (16 in).[4]

Ecology

Necturus occur in surface waters, preferentially with clear water and rocky substrates without silt. They forage during the night and eat a variety of prey, but have preference for crayfish.[4]

References

  1. ^ "Fossilworks: Necturus".
  2. ^ a b c d e Frost, Darrel R. (2019). "Necturus Rafinesque, 1819". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "North American Herpetofauna: Amphibia: Caudata". Centre for North American Herpetology. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Vitt, Laurie J. & Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 463–465.
  5. ^ a b "Proteidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  6. ^ Petranka, J.W. (1998). Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press ISBN 1588343081.
  7. ^ a b "Necturus louisianensis Viosca, 1938 | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  8. ^ Chabarria, Ryan E.; Murray, Christopher M.; Moler, Paul E.; Bart, Henry L.; Crother, Brian I.; Guyer, Craig (2018). "Evolutionary insights into the North American Necturus beyeri complex (Amphibia: Caudata) based on molecular genetic and morphological analyses". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 56 (3): 352–363. doi:10.1111/jzs.12203. ISSN 1439-0469.
  9. ^ a b "AmphibiaWeb - Necturus maculosus". amphibiaweb.org. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  10. ^ "Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937 | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
  11. ^ "Fossilworks: Necturus krausei". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  12. ^ "PBDB". Necturus Rafinesque (mudpuppy).

External links

  • Media related to Necturus at Wikimedia Commons
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