Nervii
The Nervii were an ancient Germanic tribe, and one of the most powerful Belgic tribes; living in the northeastern hinterlands of Gaul, they were known to trek long distances to engage in various wars and functions. During the 1st century BC Roman military campaign to cross the Sambre river, Caesar's native scouts from among the Remi stated that the Nervii were the most distant of the Belgae.[1] The Romanized Greek Strabo wrote that the Nervii were of Germanic origin.[2] Tacitus, in his book Germania, says that in his time the Nervii believed that their Germanic ancestry distinguished them from the weaknesses of the Gauls.[3] Based on a few literary sources, few of which were first-hand accounts, 19th-century ethnographers[4] and their intellectual heirs have attempted ethnographic mapping of the region now covered by northernmost France and Belgium. The scant late La Tène material culture of the region does not throw light on linguistic affiliations, but metalwork from Bavay, the chief town of the Nervii, in the immediately following Roman period, in examples where it is not imported or directly Roman in inspiration, is Gaulish.[5]
Gallic Wars
Julius Caesar considered them the most warlike of the Belgic tribes. He says that their culture was a Spartan one: they would not partake of alcoholic beverages or any other such luxury, feeling that the mind must remain clear to be brave. He also says they had no trade or merchant class of any kind, which would lead to the assumption that they had no currency, and were probably not a very rich or economically developed people. This, however, is contradicted by the archaeological evidence. The Frasnes hoard, accidentally unearthed by foresters in 1864 near Frasnes-lez-Buissenal in Hainaut, along with coins associated with the Morini and the Nervii, also contained characteristically Gallic gold torques, one of which was in Alastair Bradley Martin's Guennol collection.[6]
The Nervii were part of the Belgic alliance that resisted Julius Caesar in 57 BC. After the alliance broke up and some tribes surrendered, the Nervii, under the command of Boduognatus and aided by the Atrebates and Viromandui, came very close to defeating Caesar (the Atuatuci had also agreed to join them but had not yet arrived). At the battle of the Sabis (now identified as the river Selle, near modern Saulzoir; previously identified as the Sambre),[7] in 57 BC, they concealed themselves in the forests and attacked the approaching Roman column at the river. Their attack was so quick and unexpected that some of the Romans didn't have time to take the covers off their shields or even put on their helmets. The element of surprise briefly left the Romans exposed. However Caesar grabbed a shield, made his way to the front line, and quickly organised his forces; at the same time, the commander of the tenth legion, Titus Labienus, attacked the Nervian camp. The two legions who had been guarding the baggage train at the rear arrived and helped to turn the tide of the battle. Caesar says the Nervii were almost annihilated in the battle and is effusive in his tribute to their bravery, calling them "heroes".[8]
When Ambiorix and the Eburones rebelled in 53 BC, the remaining Nervii joined the uprising and besieged Quintus Tullius Cicero – brother of the orator – and his legion in their winter camp until they were relieved by Caesar in person.[9]
Roman period
The Nervian civitas was at Bagacum. The city was founded probably outside the traditional Nervian territory and is now known as Bavay. The forum has been excavated. The town was founded in c.30 BC and rapidly became a center of Roman civilization. Towns belonging to the Nervian territory were Fanum Martis (Famars), Geminiacum (Liberchies), Turnacum (Tournai), and Cortoriacum (Kortrijk), where the splendid statuette of the Venus of Courtrai (Kortrijk) was discovered.
The Nervians were well known for the export of grain; an interesting tombstone of a frumentarius was excavated as far away as Nijmegen. They also produced ceramics (terra nigra).
Inscriptions found on artifacts recovered at Rough Castle Fort along the Antonine Wall across the Central Belt of Scotland indicate that in the 2nd century the fort was the base for 500 men of the Sixth Cohort of Nervii, an infantry unit. According to Tacitus, the Nervians also served in cohorts based along the Rhine border.
After the disastrous attacks by the Franks in 275, a new civitas was built at Camaracum (Cambrai). In 432 the country of the Nervians was officially taken over by the Franks. Their king Childeric I was buried in Tournai.
In popular culture
The Nervii and Menapii are the main subjects of the comic book Asterix in Belgium. In it, a competition between the Belgians and the Gauls from Armorica takes place to decide who was the bravest under the unlikely adjudication of Julius Caesar.
See also
Notes
- ^ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2.4
- ^ Strabo, Geographica 4.3
- ^ Tacitus, Germania 28
- ^ Léon Vanderkindere, Récherches sur l'Ethnologie de la Belgique (Brussels) 1872.
- ^ Germaine Faider-Feytmans, Recueil des bronzes de Bavai (Paris 1957) catalogues two centuries of bronze statuettes and utensils recovered at Bavay.
- ^ Thomas P.F. Hoving, "'Valuables and Ornamental Items': The Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Alastair Bradley Martin" The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin New Series, 28.3 (November 1969:147-160) p. 152.
- ^ Pierre Turquin ("La Bataille de la Selle (du Sabis) en l' An 57 avant J.-C.", Les Études Classiques 23.2 (1955), 113-156)
- ^ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2
- ^ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 5.38-52
Bibliography
- Stephan Fichtl, Les Gaulois du Nord de la Gaule (1994 Paris)
Museums
- Musée Archéologique de Bavay (France)
- Musée Royal de Mariemont, Morlanweltz (Belgium)