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Nervos Network
Logo of Nervos Network
Denominations
PluralCKBs
CodeCKB
Development
Original author(s)Kevin Wang
Daniel Lv
Terry Tai
Jan Xie
Cipher Wang
White paperPositioning whitepaper

Cryptoeconomics whitepaper

Common Knowledge Base whitepaper
Initial release19 November 2019; 5 years ago (2019-11-19) (mainnet)
Code repositoryhttps://github.com/nervosnetwork
Development statusActive
Written inRust
Developer(s)Nervos Foundation
Source modeldecentralized open-source
Licensehttps://github.com/nervosnetwork/docs-new/blob/develop/LICENSE
Ledger
Timestamping schemeProof-of-work
Block timeapprox. 10 seconds
Block explorerhttps://explorer.nervos.org/
Circulating supply33,340,000,000 CKB (as of 31 October 2022)
Website
Websitehttps://www.nervos.org/

Nervos Network is an open-source blockchain platform.[1][2] It consists of multiple blockchain layers that are designed for different functions.[3] The foundational layer is known as the Common Knowledge Base, whilst the native cryptocurrency of this layer is called CKB. This foundational layer uses a proof-of-work consensus model. Other blockchains on the platform can use proof-of-stake consenus models. Smart contracts and decentralized applications can be deployed on the platform layer.

Nervos Network was founded in 2018 by Kevin Wang, Daniel Lv, Terry Tai, Jan Xie, and Cipher Wang.

Architecture

Nervos Network's design philosophy is based upon utilizing multiple blockchain layers to achieve different functions.[3] The base layer prioritizes security and decentralization, and is optimized to verify transactions. It can settle transactions submitted from upper layers and can arbitrate in cases of dispute. In doing so, it provides additional security to upper layers by acting as a trust-anchor. Layer 2 and above benefit from this and are able to favor greater throughput demands of high-performance applications.[4][5]

Layer 1

The foundational layer of Nervos Network is known as the Common Knowledge Base. The native cryptocurrency to this layer is referred to as CKB (or CKByte). This currency serves as a store of digital asset and executes smart contracts. 1 CKB represents 1 byte of storage on the blockchain. The key components of Nervos Network's layer 1 design are NC-Max, the Cell Model, and CKB-VM.

NC MAX

Layer 1 achieves cryptographic consensus through proof of work, using an enhanced version of Bitcoin's Nakamoto consensus algorithm: NC-MAX. NC-MAX targets three main areas of improvement over the original: a two-step transaction process (propose, commit) which improves block propagation; dynamic adjustment to block interval based on network performance to keep orphan blocks low and improve transaction throughput; and accounting for all blocks (including orphans) during the difficulty adjustment calculation to resist "selfish mining attacks," whereby one group of miners can increase their own profits at the expense of other miners on the network.[6] NC-MAX has been subject to peer-review and was presented at the Network and Distributed System Security (NDSS) Symposium in 2022.[7] The consensus process uses a novel hash function called "Eaglesong."[8][9]

Cell Model

The accounting method on layer 1 is an expansion of Bitcoin's UTXO model, and is dubbed the "Cell model," where a cell is the most basic structure for representing a single piece of data on the blockchain. Like its predecessor, the Cell model utilizes outputs from previous transactions as inputs for future ones. The Cell model differs from the original UTXO model by being programmable, thereby supporting smart contracts. Additionally, a cell is able to store any form of arbitrary data on-chain, such as non-fungible tokens (NFTs), digital assets, compiled code, or serialized data like JSON strings. All such data is the exclusive property of the cell owner.[10]

The Cell model functions as a method of value capture of the data that is stored on the blockchain: each cell is a data container that requires CKB in order to be formed. Because 1 byte of data storage is equivalent to 1 CKB, the number of CKB required to support a cell increases with the size of data stored. Another feature of this design is known as state rent: CKB that is deployed in cells and occupying storage on the blockchain is not protected from inflation. CKB that is not used in cells can be locked in a smart contract called the Nervos DAO, whereby users receive additional CKB that is proportional to the rate of new CKB (secondary) issuance. As a result, new issuance that would have been given to owners of CKB deployed in cells, is instead awarded to miners for maintaining network security. This creates an opportunity cost for storing unnecessary data on the blockchain and is designed to encourage efficient use of limited space.[10]

CKB-VM

The CKB virtual machine (CKB-VM) is a software-based emulated computer that executes smart contracts on Nervos Network's base layer. Like the Ethereum virtual machine, CKB is a Turing-complete development environment, but also integrates the RISC-V instruction set.[11] RISC-V is a computer instruction set similar to the one that powers a computer or a smartphone device, and provides raw instructions directly to the CPU. As it emulates hardware, CKB-VM is akin to a general purpose computer with no hard-coded cryptography. Any required cryptographic primitives can be installed by being deployed on the blockchain. Many upgrades can therefore be implemented without the need for hard forks. Furthermore, it enables greater interoperability with other blockchains as it can recognize different cryptographic keys and address schemes. The user experience is also streamlined by allowing users to use their existing preferred wallets instead of needing to install new ones.[11]

Layer 2

Two layer 2 blockchains currently exist on Nervos Network: Godwoken and Axon. Godwoken is a blockchain protocol that uses a scaling solution known as optimistic rollup, and can be configured to run any virtual machine or consensus model. With this framework, larger numbers of transactions are processed and are then submitted in batches to layer 1 for subsequent verification. The current iteration of Godwoken runs the Ethereum virtual machine (EVM), allowing developers to use of tools and software developed for Ethereum while directly interfacing with Nervos and utilizing CKB .[12] Axon is an EVM-compatible sidechain protocol optimized for higher transaction throughput.

Publications

  • Sun, Meng; Lu, Yuteng; Feng, Yichun; Zhang, Qi; Liu, Shaoying (November 2021). "Modeling and Verifying the CKB Blockchain Consensus Protocol". Mathematics. 9 (22): 2954. doi:10.3390/math9222954. ISSN 2227-7390.
  • Szepieniec, Alan; Ashur, Tomer (2020). "Eaglesong: An ARX hash with fast diffusion" (PDF). Proceedings of the Romanian Academy, Series A. 21 (1): 69–76. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  • Zhang, Ren; Zhang, Dingwei; Wang, Quake; Wu, Sichen; Xie, Jan; Preneel, Bart (2019-04-01). "NC-Max: Breaking the Security-Performance Tradeoff in Nakamoto Consensus" (PDF). Network and Distributed Systems Security (NDSS) Symposium 2022. ISBN 978-1-891562-74-7.
  • Zhong, Lin; Wu, Qianhong; Xie, Jan; Li, Jin; Qin, Bo (2019-04-01). "A secure versatile light payment system based on blockchain". Future Generation Computer Systems. 93: 327–337. doi:10.1016/j.future.2018.10.012. ISSN 0167-739X. S2CID 67791755.

See also

References

  1. ^ "China's CMB International and Nervos Foundation launch $50m blockchain fund". CityAM. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  2. ^ "Public blockchain Nervos Network raises $72 million in token sale". Reuters. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  3. ^ a b "Crypto Startup Raises $28 Million To Combine Public And Private Blockchains For Enterprises". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-09-29.
  4. ^ "Better Than Bitcoin? This Man Has a New Plan to Disrupt the Finance Industry". Newsweek. 2 October 2019. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  5. ^ Zhong, Lin; Wu, Qianhong; Xie, Jan; Li, Jin; Qin, Bo (2019-04-01). "A secure versatile light payment system based on blockchain". Future Generation Computer Systems. 93: 327–337. doi:10.1016/j.future.2018.10.012. ISSN 0167-739X. S2CID 67791755.
  6. ^ Sun, Meng; Lu, Yuteng; Feng, Yichun; Zhang, Qi; Liu, Shaoying (November 2021). "Modeling and Verifying the CKB Blockchain Consensus Protocol". Mathematics. 9 (22): 2954. doi:10.3390/math9222954. ISSN 2227-7390.
  7. ^ Zhang, Ren; Zhang, Dingwei; Wang, Quake; Wu, Sichen; Xie, Jan; Preneel, Bart (2019-04-01). "NC-Max: Breaking the Security-Performance Tradeoff in Nakamoto Consensus" (PDF). Network and Distributed Systems Security (NDSS) Symposium 2022. ISBN 978-1-891562-74-7.
  8. ^ Network, Nervos (2019-08-03). "The Proof-of-Work Function of Nervos CKB". Nervos Network. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
  9. ^ Szepieniec, Alan; Ashur, Tomer (2020). "Eaglesong: An ARX hash with fast diffusion" (PDF). Proceedings of the Romanian Academy, Series A. 21 (1): 69–76. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  10. ^ a b "Cell Model Nervos CKB". docs.nervos.org. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
  11. ^ a b "CKB-VM Nervos CKB". docs.nervos.org. Retrieved 2022-08-17.
  12. ^ "Get Started with Godwoken - Godwoken Documentation". docs.godwoken.io. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
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