# Ordered logit

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In statistics, the ordered logit model (also ordered logistic regression or proportional odds model), is a regression model for ordinal dependent variables. It can be thought of as an extension of the logistic regression model that applies to dichotomous dependent variables, allowing for more than two (ordered) response categories.

The model only applies to data that meet the proportional odds assumption, that the relationship[clarification needed] between any two pairs of outcome groups is statistically the same. This means that the coefficients that describe the relationship between, say, the lowest versus all higher categories of the response variable are the same as those that describe the relationship between the next lowest category and all higher categories, etc. Because the relationship between all pairs of groups is the same, there is only one set of coefficients.[1]

The model cannot be consistently estimated using ordinary least squares; it is usually estimated using maximum likelihood.

Examples of multiple ordered response categories include bond ratings, opinion surveys with responses ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree," levels of state spending on government programs (high, medium, or low), the level of insurance coverage chosen (none, partial, or full), and employment status (not employed, employed part-time, or fully employed).[2]

Suppose the underlying process to be characterized is

$y^* =x' \beta + \epsilon$,

where y* is the exact but unobserved dependent variable (perhaps the exact level of agreement with the statement proposed by the pollster); x is the vector of independent variables, and $\beta$ is the vector of regression coefficients which we wish to estimate. Further suppose that while we cannot observe y*, we instead can only observe the categories of response

$y= \begin{cases} 0~~ \text{if}~~y^* \le \mu_1, \\ 1~~ \text{if}~~\mu_1

Then the ordered logit technique will use the observations on y, which are a form of censored data on y*, to fit the parameter vector $\beta$.