Organic lawn management

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Compost bin

Organic lawn management or organic land care or organic landscaping is the practice of establishing and caring for an athletic turf field or garden lawn and landscape using organic horticulture, without the use of manufactured inputs such as synthetic pesticides or artificial fertilizers. It is a component of organic land care and organic sustainable landscaping which adapt the principles and methods of sustainable gardening and organic farming to the care of lawns and gardens.[1]

Techniques

Rechargeable electric mulching-mower
White clover lawn

A primary element of organic lawn management is the use of compost[2] and compost tea to reduce the need for fertilization and to encourage healthy soil that enables turf to resist pests.[3] A second element is mowing tall (3" - 4") to suppress weeds and encourage deep grass roots,[4] and leaving grass clippings and leaves on the lawn as fertilizer.[5]

Additional techniques include fertilizing in the fall, not the spring.[6] Organic lawns often benefit from over seeding, slice seeding and aeration more frequently due to the importance of a strong root system. Well-maintained organic lawns are often drought-tolerant. If a lawn does need watering it should be done infrequently but deeply.[7]

Other organic techniques for caring for a lawn include irrigation only when the lawn shows signs of drought stress and then watering deeply - minimizing needless water consumption. Using low volume sprinklers provides more penetration without runoff. Lawnmowers with a mulching function can useful in reducing fertilizer use by allowing grass clippings and leaves that are cut so minutely that they can settle into the grass inconspicuously to decompose into the soil.

Clover lawns

Grass seed mixes used to contain white clover, which provides natural fertilizer, but this practice fell out of favor with the rise of synthetic fertilizer and businesses profiting from the sale of this fertilizer. In recent years, homeowners have returned to the use of clover as a natural fertilization source for lawns. In 2022, the New York Times reported on the growing popularity of clover lawns. The New York Times reported "#cloverlawn has over 65 million views on TikTok."[8]

Organic pesticides

Organic land managers may use registered pesticides approved under the National Organic Program in their lawn care programs. These pesticides are generally derived from natural materials and are minimally-processed. Alternatives include the use of beneficial insects and natural predators such as nematodes to prevent infestation of lawns with pests such as crane fly larvae and ants. Pesticides are not always used in organic lawn care because proper organic care can keep pest populations below action thresholds, such as preventing fungal infections using physical maintenance techniques such as effective mowing and raking.

Organic fertilizers

Synthetic (inorganic based) fertilizers are made in chemical processes, some of which use fossil fuels and contribute to global warming. They also greatly increase the amount of nitrogen entering the global nitrogen cycle which has a serious negative impact on the organization and functioning of the world's ecosystems, including accelerating the loss of biological diversity and decline of coastal marine ecosystems and fisheries.[9] Nitrogen fertilizer releases N2O, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere after application.[10] Organic fertilizer nitrogen content is typically lower than synthetic fertilizer.[11]

Biodiversity

Organic lawns contribute to biodiversity, by definition, when they contain more than one or two grass species. Examples of additional lawn and grasslike species that can be encouraged in organic lawns include dozens of grass species (eight for ryegrass alone, sedges, mosses, clover, vetches, trefoils, yarrow, ground cover alternatives, and other mowable plants[12]).[13] Biodiversity increases the functioning and stress tolerance of ecosystems.[14] Lack of biodiversity is a significant environmental issue brought up by the use of lawns with grassroots groups emerging to promote this method of lawn care.[15] Certain low-growing grass species can also eliminate the need for mowing, thus also being environmentally friendly. Clover is often mixed with grasses for its ability to fix nitrogen into the soil and fertilize the lawn.

No Mow May

No Mow May is a campaign to encourage homeowners to not mow their lawns during the month of May to support pollinators, native plants and wildlife diversity.[16][17] The campaign was started in 2019 by Plantlife, a nature conservation charity based in the United Kingdom. In 2020, the city of Appleton, Wisconsin stopped mowing for the month of May. In 2022, cities around the United States participated in No Mow May. The campaign is supported by the Xerces Society through its Bee City USA program.[18]

Locations with organic lawns

Many small properties with lawns around the world are maintained using organic techniques. In the late 20th century, a movement to manage lawns organically began to grow.[19] Some large properties and municipalities require organic lawn management and organic landscaping. They include the following locations:

Highgrove House estate, Gloucestershire, England

In 1996, King Charles III, then the Prince of Wales, had transitioned the Highgrove House estate's farm and gardens to organic management.[20]

Harvard University, Massachusetts, United States

Harvard Yard in autumn

In 2009, the New York Times reported on Harvard University's decision to use organic management on all their grounds, which was championed by President Drew Gilpin Faust and implemented by landscape director Wayne Carbone. The New York Times noted: "Thanks to these efforts, the university has reduced the use of irrigation by 30 percent, according to Mr. Carbone, thus saving two million gallons of water a year. And the 40-year-old orchards at Elmwood, which have been treated with compost tea, are recovering from leaf spot and apple scab, two ailments that had afflicted them."[21]

Takoma Park, Maryland, United States

Residents Catherine Cummings and Julie Taddeo began a campaign in 2011 to restrict lawncare pesticide use in Takoma Park, Maryland. City council members Seth Grimes and Tim Male quickly got behind the effort and drafted Takoma Park's Safe Grow Act of 2013, leading to the city council's enactment of the law,[22] which went into effect March 1, 2014.[23]

Ogunquit, Maine, United States

In 2014, Bill and Judy Baker and other residents convinced the Ogunquit Town Council to pass a strict pesticide ban requiring organic land care on both public and private property.[24][25]

Montgomery County, Maryland, United States

Deering Oaks in Portland, Maine

In 2015, Julie Taddeo and Catherine Cummings and Safe Grow Montgomery colleagues campaigned to get Montgomery County, Maryland to adopt a pesticide ban that required organic lawn management throughout the county on both public and private property. Montgomery County Council President George Leventhal (D-at-large) wrote and introduced Bill 52-14,[26] based on Takoma Park's 2013 legislation. The county council enacted Bill 52-14 that October.[27] The ban was challenged in court by local lawn care companies and pesticide industry lobbying group Responsible Industry for a Sound Environment (RISE). In 2017, the ban was overturned by a Circuit Court, and the ruling was appealed. In 2019, a Maryland appeals court upheld the ban.[28]

Gardens of the Vatican

Irvine, California, United States

In 2016, Nontoxic Irvine led by Laurie Thompson, Ayn Craciun, Kathleen Hallal, Kim Konte and Bob Johnson with help from City Councilor Christina Shea convinced the City Council to adopt an organic ordinance requiring organic land care on all city property.[29]

Carlsbad, California, United States

In 2017, Nontoxic Carlsbad campaigned to get the city to adopt an ordinance requiring organic land care on all city property.[30]

Portland, Maine, United States

In 2018, Portland Protectors led by Avery Yale Kamila and Maggie Knowles convinced the Portland City Council to adopt an organic ordinance requiring organic land care on all public and private property.[31]

Gardens of Vatican City, Rome, Italy

In 2019, Rafael Tornini, head of the Garden and Environment Service of the Vatican, announced the 37 acre Gardens of Vatican City had been transitioning to organic management since 2017.[32]

New York City public lands, United States

In 2021, the New York City Council banned the use of synthetic pesticides by city agencies. The effort was started by teacher Paula Rogovin's kindergarten class at P.S. 290.[33]

Maui, Hawaii, United States

In 2021, the island of Maui banned synthetic pesticides and fertilizers from all county lands. Community organizers including Autumn Ness, director of Beyond Pesticides' Hawai'i Organic Land Management Program worked to enact the law.[34]

Books

  • "NOFA Standards for Organic Land Care 6th Edition Practices for the Design and Maintenance of Ecological Landscapes,[35]" Michael Almstead, Dr. Jamie Banks, et al., contributors. Northeast Organic Farming Association of Connecticut, Inc. 2017.
  • "The Organic Lawn Care Manual: A Natural, Low-Maintenance System for a Beautiful, Safe Lawn," by Paul Tukey. Storey Publishing, LLC. 2007.,

See also

References

  1. ^ Pandolfi, Keith (2007-05-14). "Tips for a Lush, Organic Lawn". This Old House. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  2. ^ U.S. EPA Composting
  3. ^ Organic Landscaping at Harvard University
  4. ^ University of Minnesota Sustainable Urban Landscape Mowing Practices
  5. ^ MassDEP Don't Trash Grass
  6. ^ Cornell University, Lawn Care Without Pesticides
  7. ^ "Organic Lawn Care" (PDF). Molloy College. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
  8. ^ Kambhampaty, Anna P. (2022-09-10). "Clover Lawns Are Blooming in Front Yards, and on TikTok". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
  9. ^ U.S. EPA The Global Nitrogen Cycle
  10. ^ Carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions in urban turf, Amy Townsend-Small1 and Claudia I. Czimczik1, GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 37, L02707
  11. ^ Arizona Cooperative Extension Organic Fertilizers
  12. ^ Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
  13. ^ Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation Low-Maintenance Lawns
  14. ^ Sustaining multiple ecosystem functions in grassland communities requires higher biodiversity
  15. ^ Northeast Organic Farming Association Organic Land Care Program
  16. ^ "Need an excuse not to mow your lawn? Join 'no mow May' and help pollinators". NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
  17. ^ Roach, Margaret (2022-06-15). "Yes, You Can Do Better Than the Great American Lawn". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
  18. ^ "Why More Americans Are Rethinking Their Lawns". Modern Farmer. 2022-05-30. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
  19. ^ Land, Leslie (2007-04-12). "Are Bugs the Pests, or Humans? Organic Lawns Take Hold". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-09-17.
  20. ^ Aslet, Clive (2018-11-12). "Inside the private world of Prince Charles: What's life really like for our future king?". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  21. ^ Raver, Anne (2009-09-23). "The Grass Is Greener at Harvard". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
  22. ^ "Safe Grow Act of 2013" (PDF). 2013-08-12. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
  23. ^ "Safe Grow". Retrieved 2021-05-04.
  24. ^ Wright, Virginia M. (2015-03-11). "Ogunquit Leads the Way". Down East. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
  25. ^ Idlebrook, Craig (2015-03-16). "Ogunquit lawns go organic". Working Waterfront. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
  26. ^ Turque, Bill (March 8, 2015). "Proposed ban on cosmetic pesticides causes turf war in Montgomery County". Washington Post. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
  27. ^ Metcalf, Andrew (October 6, 2015). "Council Passes General Ban on Pesticides". Bethesda Magazine. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
  28. ^ Barrios, Jennifer (May 3, 2019). "Appeals court finds Montgomery County pesticide ban doesn't clash with state law". Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
  29. ^ D, Kelsen (July 6, 2016). "HOW IRVINE BECAME SOCAL'S FIRST NON-TOXIC CITY". Retrieved 2020-03-04.
  30. ^ Diehl, Phil (2017-12-27). "Carlsbad adopts organic pesticide policy". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2020-03-04.
  31. ^ Billings, Randy (2018-01-04). "Portland's tough new ban on synthetic pesticides allows few exceptions". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  32. ^ Caldwell, Zelda (2019-08-02). "The Vatican Gardens are going "green"". Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
  33. ^ Barnard, Anne (2021-04-24). "N.Y.C. Bans Pesticides in Parks With Push From Unlikely Force: Children". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
  34. ^ "Pesticide ban victories". EHN. 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  35. ^ Michael Almstead, Dr. Jamie Banks, et. al, contributors (2017). The NOFA Standards for Organic Land Care, 6th Edition. Northeast Organic Farming Association of Connecticut, Inc. ISBN 978-0-692-58435-4. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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