Pen: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 21:25, 7 December 2012

Frindle is an other name for a pen.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+Frindle is an other name for a pen.
-{{Other uses}}
-{{pp-move-indef}}
-[[File:03-BICcristal2008-03-26.jpg|thumb|A ballpoint pen]]
-A '''pen''' (Latin ''penna'', feather) is a device used to apply [[ink]] to a surface, usually [[paper]], for [[writing]] or [[drawing]]. Historically, [[reed pen]]s, [[quill]] pens, and [[dip pen]]s were used, with a [[Nib (pen)|nib]]  dipped in the ink. [[Ruling pen]]s allow precise adjustment of line width, and still find a few specialized uses, but [[technical pen]]s such as the [[Rapidograph]] are more commonly used. Modern types also include [[ballpoint pen|ballpoint]], [[rollerball pen|rollerball]], [[fountain pen|fountain]], and [[Marker pen|felt]] or [[porous point pen|ceramic tip]] pens. <ref>"pen." Word Histories and Mysteries. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 17 September 2012.</ref>
-==Modern pens==
-The main modern types of pens can be categorized by the kind of writing tip or point:
-[[Image:UniballElitePenTip.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A mark made on paper with a rollerball pen, and the tip of that pen]]
-*A '''[[ballpoint pen]]''' dispenses [[viscosity|viscous]] oil-based ink by rolling a small hard sphere, usually 0.7–1.2&nbsp;mm and made of [[brass]], [[steel]] or [[tungsten carbide]].<ref>{{cite web| title = How does a ballpoint pen work? | work = Engineering | publisher = HowStuffWorks  | date= 1998–2007 | url = http://science.howstuffworks.com/question683.htm | accessdate = 2007-11-16 }}</ref> The ink dries almost immediately on contact with paper. The ballpoint pen is usually reliable and inexpensive.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} It has replaced the fountain pen as the most common tool for everyday writing.
-*A '''[[fountain pen]]''' uses water-based liquid ink delivered through a ''[[Nib (pen)|nib]]''. The ink flows from a reservoir through a "feed" to the nib, then through the nib, due to [[capillary action]] and gravity. The nib has no moving parts and delivers ink through a thin slit to the writing surface. A fountain pen reservoir can be refillable or disposable, this disposable type being an ''ink cartridge''. A pen with a refillable reservoir may have a mechanism, such as a piston, to draw ink from a bottle through the nib, or it may require refilling with an [[Pipette|eyedropper]]. Refill reservoirs, also known as ''cartridge converters'', are available for some pens  to use disposable cartridges.
-[[File:Fountain Pen.jpg|thumb|A fountain pen]]
-*A '''marker''', or ''[[felt-tip pen]]'', has a porous tip of fibrous material. The smallest, finest-tipped markers are used for writing on paper. Medium-tip markers are often used by children for coloring and drawing. Larger markers are used for writing on other surfaces such as corrugated boxes, [[whiteboard]]s and for [[chalkboard]]s, often called "liquid chalk" or "chalkboard markers." Markers with wide tips and bright but transparent ink, called ''[[highlighter]]s'', are used to mark existing text. Markers designed for children or for temporary writing (as with a whiteboard or overhead projector) typically use [[non-permanent marker|non-permanent inks]]. Large markers used to label shipping cases or other packages are usually [[permanent marker]]s.
-*A '''[[rollerball pen]]''' dispenses a water-based liquid or [[gel pen|gel]] ink through a ball tip similar to that of a ballpoint pen. The less-viscous ink is more easily absorbed by paper than oil-based ink, and the pen moves more easily across a writing surface. The rollerball pen was initially designed to combine the convenience of a ballpoint pen with the smooth "wet ink" effect of a fountain pen. Gel inks are available in a range of colors, including [[metallic paint]] colors and [[glitter]] effects.
-[[Image:Reynolds ball point pen.jpg|50px|right|Reynolds pen used in India]]
-== Historic pens ==
-These historic types of pens are no longer in common use as writing instruments, but may be used by calligraphers and other artists:
-*A '''[[dip pen]]''' (or ''nib pen'') consists of a metal [[nib (pen)|nib]] with [[capillary action|capillary channels]], like that a fountain pen, mounted on a handle or holder, often made of wood. A dip pen usually has no ink reservoir and must be repeatedly recharged with ink while [[drawing]] or [[writing]]. The dip pen has certain advantages over a fountain pen. It can use waterproof pigmented (particle-and-binder-based) inks, such as so-called ''[[India ink]]'', drawing ink, or acrylic inks, which would destroy a fountain pen by clogging, as well as the traditional [[iron gall ink]], which can cause [[corrosion]] in a fountain pen. Dip pens are now mainly used in [[illustration]], [[calligraphy]], and [[comics]]. A particularly fine-pointed type of dip pen known as a ''crowquill'' is a favorite instrument of artists, such as [[David Stone Martin]] and [[Jay Lynch]], because its flexible metal point can create a variety of delicate lines, textures and tones with slight pressures while drawing.
-*The '''[[ink brush]]''' is the traditional writing implement in East Asian calligraphy. The body of the brush can be made from either bamboo, or rarer materials such as red sandalwood, glass, ivory, silver, and gold. The head of the brush can be made from the hair (or feathers) of a wide variety of animals, including the weasel, rabbit, deer, chicken, duck, goat, pig, tiger, etc. There is also a tradition in both China and Japan of making a brush using the hair of a newborn, as a once-in-a-lifetime souvenir for the child. This practice is associated with the legend of an ancient Chinese scholar who scored first in the Imperial examinations by using such a personalized brush. Calligraphy brushes are widely considered an extension of the calligrapher's arm. Today, calligraphy may also be done using a pen, but pen calligraphy does not enjoy the same prestige as traditional brush calligraphy.
-*A '''[[quill]]''' is a pen made from a [[flight feather]] of a large bird, most often a [[goose]]. Quills were used as instruments for writing with ink before the metal dip pen, the fountain pen, and eventually the ballpoint pen came into use. Quill pens were used in [[medieval]] times to write on [[parchment]] or paper. The quill eventually replaced the [[reed pen]].
-*A '''[[reed pen]]''' is cut from a reed or bamboo, with a slit in a narrow tip. Its mechanism is essentially similar to that of a quill. The reed pen has almost disappeared but it is still used by young school students in some parts of India and Pakistan, who learn to write with them on small timber boards known as "Takhti".
-==History==
-[[Ancient Egypt]]ians had developed writing on [[papyrus]] scrolls when scribes used thin reed brushes or [[reed pen]]s from the ''[[Juncus maritimus]]'' or sea rush.<ref>[http://www.lib.umich.edu/pap/exhibits/writing/reed_pen.html Egyptian reed pen] Retrieved March 16, 2007.</ref> In his book ''A History of Writing'', Steven Roger Fischer suggests that on the basis of finds at [[Saqqara]], the reed pen might well have been used for writing on parchment as long ago as the First Dynasty or about 3000 BC. Reed pens continued to be used until the [[Middle Ages]] although they were slowly replaced by quills from about the 7th century. The reed pen, generally made from bamboo, is still used in some parts of Pakistan by young students and is used to write on small boards made of timber.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
-The [[Quill pen]] was used in Qumran, Judea to write some of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], which date back to around 100 BC. The scrolls were written in [[Hebrew]] dialects with bird feathers or quills. After the fall of the [[Roman Empire]], Europeans had difficulty in obtaining reeds{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} and began to use quills. There is a specific reference to quills in the writings of [[St. Isidore of Seville]] in the 7th century.<ref>[http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780511217593&ss=ind The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville], Cambridge Catalogue Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> Quill pens were still widely used in the 18th century, and were used to write and sign the [[Constitution of the United States]] in 1787. Quill pens were replaced some 2000 years later by the Greeks with the reed pen, made by cutting the end of the reed at an angle and making a slit opposite the cut. This proved to be nib-like and more suitable for writing the newly developed Greek alphabet.The reed pen survived until papyrus was replaced by animal skins, vellum and parchment, as a writing surface. The smoother surface of skin allowed finer, smaller writing by the quill pen, derived from the flight feather. <ref>"pen." The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide. Abington: Helicon, 2010. Credo Reference. Web. 17 September 2012</ref>
-A copper [[nib (pen)|nib]] was found in the ruins of [[Pompei]] showing that metal nibs were used in the year 79.<ref>[http://www.arnoldwagner.com/dippens/dip_pens1.htm Arnold Wagner - Dip Pens]. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> There is also a reference to 'a silver pen to carry ink in', in [[Samuel Pepys]]' diary for August 1663.<ref>'This evening came a letter about business from Mr Coventry, and with it a silver pen to carry inke in, which is very necessary.' Diary of Samuel Pepys, 5 August 1663:http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1663/08/</ref> 'New invented' metal pens are advertised in ''The Times'' in 1792.  <ref>The advertisement implies metal nibs had been in use for some years, but had not been generally accepted due to lack of flexibility and tendency to rust.  It refers to 'Ivory Handles' with 'Gold Silver or Steel Pens to each', and says that 'new pens may be fitted in at pleasure', indicating only the nibs were metal.  It also claims the pens have 'well-tempered Elasticity' and that the 'Steel Points' are treated to be rustproof, rust being 'a circumstance that has been long and universally complained of in this article'. {{cite journal|title=The Times|date=8 June 1792|page=4}}</ref> A metal pen point was patented in 1803 but the patent was not commercially exploited. A patent for the manufacture of metal pens was advertised for sale by [[Bryan Donkin]] in 1811.<ref>He offered the patent, which had an unexpired term of 11 years, for sale together with the 'utensils peculiarly adapted to the manufacturing' of the metal pens:{{cite journal|title=The Times|date=15 August 1811|page=4}}</ref> John Mitchell of [[Birmingham]] started to mass produce pens with metal nibs in 1822, and thereafter the quality of steel nibs had improved enough that dip pens with metal nibs came into generalized use.<ref>In 1832 a woman accused of stealing a silver pen from a London shop said in her defence that she had 'one of the common metal pens' with her:{{cite journal|title=The Times|date=15 September 1832|page=3}}</ref>
-[[Image:US68445.png|left|thumb|M. Klein and Henry W. Wynne received US patent #68445 in 1867 for an ink chamber and delivery system in the handle of the fountain pen.]]The earliest historical record of a pen employing a reservoir dates back to the 10th century. In 953, [[Al Muizz|Ma'ād al-Mu'izz]], the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid Caliph]] of [[Egypt]], demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen which held ink in a reservoir and delivered it to the nib.<ref>{{citation|journal=[[Journal of Semitic Studies]]|volume=XXVl|issue=i|date=Autumn 1981|title=A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen?|first=C. E.|last=Bosworth}}</ref> This pen may have been a fountain pen, but its mechanism remains unknown, and only one record mentioning it has been found. A later reservoir pen was developed in 1636. In his ''Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae'' (1636), [[Germans|German]] inventor [[Daniel Schwenter]] described a pen made from two quills.  One quill served as a reservoir for ink inside the other quill.  The ink was sealed inside the quill with [[cork (material)|cork]].  Ink was squeezed through a small hole to the writing point. In 1809, Bartholomew Folsch received a patent in England for a pen with an ink reservoir.<ref>{{citation|journal=[[Journal of Semitic Studies]]|volume=XXVl|issue=i|date=Autumn 1981|title=A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen?|first=C. E.|last=Bosworth}}</ref>
-While a student in Paris, [[Romania]]n [[Petrache Poenaru]] invented the [[fountain pen]], which the [[French Government]] patented in May 1827. Fountain pen patents and production then increased in the 1850s, especially steel pens produced by John Mitchell.
-[[Image:WATERMAN CONCORDE.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Waterman pen and fountain pens made for Air France’s Concorde]]
-The first patent on a ballpoint pen was issued on October 30, 1888, to [[John J Loud]].<ref>GB Patent No. 15630, October 30, 1888</ref> In 1938, [[László Bíró]], a Hungarian newspaper editor, with the help of his brother George, a chemist, began to work on designing new types of pens including one with a tiny [[ball]] in its tip that was free to turn in a socket. As the pen moved along the paper, the ball rotated, picking up ink from the ink cartridge and leaving it on the paper. Bíró filed a British patent on June 15, 1938. In 1940 the Bíró brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, moved to [[Argentina]] fleeing Nazi Germany and on June 10, filed another patent, and formed ''Bíró Pens of Argentina''. By the summer of 1943 the first commercial models were available.<ref>[http://www.quido.cz/objevy/propis.a.htm The Ballpoint Pen], Quido Magazin. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> Erasable ballpoint pens were introduced by [[Papermate]] in 1979 when the [[Erasermate]] was put on the market.<ref>[http://www.papermate.com/pages/about.aspx# Papermate official site: history.]</ref>
-[[Image:Marker1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Modern marker pens]]
-[[Slavoljub Eduard Penkala]], a naturalized [[Croats|Croatian]] engineer and [[inventor]] of [[Poles|Polish]]-[[Dutch people|Dutch]] origin from the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] in [[Austria-Hungary]], became renowned for further development of the mechanical pencil (1906) – then called an "automatic pencil" – and the first solid-ink fountain pen (1907). Collaborating with an entrepreneur by the name of Edmund Moster, he started the Penkala-Moster Company and built a pen-and-pencil factory that was one of the biggest in the world at the time. This company, now called ''TOZ-Penkala'', still exists today. "TOZ" stands for "''Tvornica olovaka Zagreb''", meaning "[[Zagreb]] Pencil Factory".
-In the 1960s, the fibre or [[felt-tipped pen]] was invented by Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan.<ref>[http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpen.htm History of Pens & Writing Instruments], About Inventors site. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> Papermate's Flair was among the first felt-tip pens to hit the U.S. market in the 1960s, and it has been the leader ever since. [[Marker pen]]s and [[highlighter]]s, both similar to felt pens have become popular in recent times.
-[[Rollerball pen]]s were introduced in the early 1970s. They make use of a mobile ball and liquid ink to produce a smoother line. Technological advances achieved during the late 1980s and early 1990s have improved the roller ball's overall performance. A [[porous point pen]] contains a point that is made of some porous material such as felt or ceramic. A high quality drafting pen will usually have a ceramic tip, since this wears well and does not broaden when pressure is applied while writing.
-Although the invention of the typewriter and [[personal computer]] with the [[Keyboard (computing)|keyboard]] input method have changed how users write, the pen has not been entirely replaced.<ref>http://www.rediff.com/netguide/2003/may/05genx.htm</ref> Higher end pens including types such as fountain pens are still a [[status symbol]].<ref>[http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2008/08/17/the_power_of_the_pen/ The power of the pen]</ref><ref>http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-3935131.html</ref>
-==Manufacturers==
-{{Globalize|section|date=November 2009}}
-===United States===
-Statistics on writing instruments (including pencils) from WIMA (the United States ''Writing Instrument Manufacturers Association'') show that in 2005, retractable '''ball point''' pens were by far the most popular in the United States (26%), followed by standard ball point pens (14%). Other categories represented very small fractions (3% or less).<ref>[http://www.wima.org/industry/index.htm WIMA website] Retrieved March 12, 2007.</ref> There is however also a thriving industry in luxury pens, often fountain pens, sometimes priced at $1000 or more.<ref>[http://www.fortwayne.com/mld/journalgazette/16886417.htm Low-tech luxury Gift or accessory, jewelry designers see business in luxe writing tools], ''[[Fort Wayne Journal Gazette]]'', March 12, 2007.</ref> Pens are also used as advertisements for business entrepreneurs. Companies  use pens to advertise their company names to  possible customers.
-==See also==
-{{Commons category|pens}}
-<div style="column-count:3;-moz-column-count:3;-webkit-column-count:3">
-*[[Calligraphy]]
-*[[Counterfeit banknote detection pen]]
-*[[Frindle]]
-*[[Gel pen]]
-*[[Ink]]
-*[[List of pen types, brands and companies]]
-*[[Pen spinning]]
-*[[Pencil]]
-*[[Ruling pen]]
-*[[Space Pen]]
-*[[Stylus]]
-*[[Technical pen]]
-</div>
-==References==
-{{Reflist|2}}
-==External links==
-{{wikiquote|Pens}}
-{{Wiktionary|pen}}
-*[http://www.wima.org/ Writing Instrument Manufacturers Association]
-{{Pens}}
-[[Category:Pens]]
-[[Category:Writing implements]]
-[[Category:Stationery]]
-[[Category:Domestic implements]]
-[[am:እስክርቢቶ]]
-[[ang:Feðer (blæces)]]
-[[ar:قلم]]
-[[az:Qələm]]
-[[bn:কলম]]
-[[be:Ручка, канцылярыя]]
-[[be-x-old:Асадка]]
-[[ca:Instrument de tinta]]
-[[cs:Pero (psací náčiní)]]
-[[de:Schreibstift]]
-[[dv:ގަލަން]]
-[[es:Pluma (escritura)]]
-[[eo:Plumo (skribilo)]]
-[[fa:قلم (نوشت‌افزار)]]
-[[fr:Stylo]]
-[[gd:Peann]]
-[[ko:펜]]
-[[hi:लेखनी]]
-[[id:Pena]]
-[[is:Penni]]
-[[he:עט]]
-[[ml:പേന]]
-[[ms:Pen]]
-[[nl:Pen]]
-[[ne:कलम]]
-[[ja:ペン]]
-[[no:Penn]]
-[[or:କଲମ]]
-[[ps:لیکاڼۍ]]
-[[km:ប៊ិច]]
-[[pt:Caneta]]
-[[ro:Pix]]
-[[ru:Ручка (канцелярия)]]
-[[sq:Lapsi]]
-[[simple:Pen]]
-[[sk:Pero (nástroj na písanie)]]
-[[sr:Перо]]
-[[fi:Kynä]]
-[[sv:Penna]]
-[[ta:எழுதுகோல்]]
-[[te:కలము]]
-[[th:ปากกา]]
-[[uk:Ручка (канцелярія)]]
-[[ur:قلم]]
-[[vec:Pena]]
-[[vi:Bút]]
-[[yi:פעדער]]
-[[zh-yue:筆]]
-[[zh:筆]]