Piper sylvaticum

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Piper sylvaticum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Piperales
Family: Piperaceae
Genus: Piper
Species:
P. sylvaticum
Binomial name
Piper sylvaticum
Synonyms[1]
  • Chavica sylvatica (Roxb.) Miq.

Piper sylvaticum is a climber in the Piperaceae, or pepper, family. It is found in the northeast of the Indian subcontinent, and in Zhōngguó/China. The fruits are used in medicinal products.

Description[edit]

A herbaceous, dioecious climber that possesses stolons. The stems are finely powdery pubescent when young, and become ridged and furrowed when mature.[2] It has globose drupes about 3mm in diameter. Flowers in August and September in Zhōngguó/China, in the Manas National Park of northwest Assam, flowering and fruiting occur from August to October,[3] while in Bangladesh flowers and fruits appear from May to September.[4] This species is distinguished anatomically by having very finely (magnification needed) powdered pubescent leaves.[5] Other distinctive features, differentiating the species from other Piper species in Bangladesh, is yellow flowers and deeply cordate and lobed leaf bases at a macroscopic level, while bicollateral leaf vascular bundles, and para- and tetracytic stomata were identified as distinctive at microscopic anatomical level.[4]

Taxonomy[edit]

The species was first described by William Roxburgh in 1820.[6]

Distribution[edit]

The plant is native to Bangladesh and the Eastern Himalaya region.[1] The Flora of China[2] warns that the application of this name to Chinese plants is unclear, however it states that the climber is found in Tibet (see also[7]) and South Yunnan, as well as Bangladesh, India and Myanmar.

Habitat and ecology[edit]

The vine grows in wet places within forests up to 800m in Zhōngguó/China.[2] It occurs in sub-Himalayan semi-evergreen forest in the Manas National Park of northwestern Assam.[3] Shaded areas of the forest bed is a preferred habitat in Bangladesh.[4]

Vernacular names[edit]

Amongst the Monpa people of Mêdog County in southeastern Tibet the plant is referred to as pang-ser.[7] In Standard Chinese, the plant is given the name 长柄胡椒, chang bing hu jiao.[2] An English language vernacular name is mountain long pepper.[8] Pahari pipul (Hindi),[9] pahaari peepal (folk medicine), Pahari-pipoli (Assamese),[8] and vana-pippali (Ayurveda)[9] are some of the names in India. In Bangladesh the vine is referred to as pahari pipul or bon pan (Bengali), borongpatui (Tipuri languages), or bulpan.[4]

Uses[edit]

In the Indian subcontinent the leaves are used as vegetables, and the roots are used in indigenous medicine as a cure for snake poison and to treat tumours.[10][11]

The mashed leaves are use as an anti-inflammatory by the Monpa people of Mêdog County in southeastern Tibet.[7]

Adnan et al.'s[9] work on the bioactivity of the species cites wide traditional medicine uses in the native countries of the plant. The leaves, stems, roots, fruits, and seeds are used to treat a variety of diseases, including rheumatic pain, headaches, chronic cough, cold, asthma, piles, diarrhea, wounds in lungs, tuberculosis, indigestion, dyspepsia, hepatomegaly, and pleenomegaly. The root is specifically used as a carminative, while the aerial parts have diuretic actions. Adnan et al. found that P. sylvaticum is bioactive.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Piper sylvaticum Roxb". Plants of the World Online (POWO). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Science. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d "27. Piper sylvaticum Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 158. 1820". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  3. ^ a b Baro, D; Borthakur, S K (2017). "Climbing Angiosperms of Manas National Park, Assam: Diversity and Ethnobotany" (PDF). Bioscience Discovery. 8 (2, April): 158–165. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d Shethi, Kishwar Jahan; Rashid, Parveen; Begum, Momtaz; Rahman, M. Oliur (2019). "Morphoanatomical profile of five species of Piper L. from Bangladesh and its taxonomic significance". Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 26 (1, June): 57–68. doi:10.3329/bjpt.v26i1.41917. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  5. ^ "FOC; Family List; FOC Vol. 4 ; Piperaceae 2. Piper Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 28. 1753". Flora of China. eFloras.org. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  6. ^ "Piper sylvaticum Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich ed.) 1: 158 (-159) (1820)". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  7. ^ a b c Shan Li; Yu Zhang; Yongjie Guo; Lixin Yang; Yuhua Wang (2020). "Monpa, memory, and change: an ethnobotanical study of plant use in Mêdog County, South-east Tibet, China". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 16 (Article number: 52020): 5. doi:10.1186/s13002-020-0355-7. PMC 6993401. PMID 32000826.
  8. ^ a b "Mountain Long Pepper". Flowers of India. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  9. ^ a b c Adnan, Md.; Chy, Md. Nazim Uddin; and 8 others (2020). "Comparative Study of Piper sylvaticum Roxb. Leaves and Stems for Anxiolytic and Antioxidant Properties Through In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Approaches". Biomedicines. 8 (68): 68. doi:10.3390/biomedicines8040068. PMC 7235905. PMID 32218219. Retrieved 3 January 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Paul, Arkajyoti; Adnan, Md.; et al. (2018). "Anthelmintic activity of Piper sylvaticum Roxb. (family: Piperaceae): In vitro and in silico studies". Clinical Phytoscience. 4 (Article number: 17). doi:10.1186/s40816-018-0077-8. S2CID 51688729.
  11. ^ Wang, Yue-Hu; Morris-Natschke, Susan L.; et al. (2014). "Anticancer Principles from Medicinal Piper (胡椒 Hú Jiāo) Plants". Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 4 (1, January–March): 8–16. doi:10.4103/2225-4110.124811. PMC 4032846. PMID 24872928.

Further reading[edit]

  • Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (1984). Flora of Bhutan 1(2): 189–462. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1–590. Smithsonian Institution.
  • Mostaph, M.K. & Uddin, S.B. (2013). Dictionary of plant names of Bangladesh, Vasc. Pl.: 1–434. Janokalyan Prokashani, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  • Mukherjee, P.K. (2018). Nomenclatural notes on Piper Linn. (Piperaceae) from India II Phytotaxa 338: 17–32.
  • Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007). A checklist of the vascular plants of Lao PDR: 1–394. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh.
  • Sarder, N.U. & Hassan, M.A. (eds.) (2018). Vascular flora of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hill Tracts 2: 1–1060. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.
  • Wu, Z. & Raven, P.H. (eds.) (1999). Flora of China 4: 1–453. Science Press (Beijing) & Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis).
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