Ralph Steiner
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Ralph Steiner (8 February 1899 – 13 July 1986) was an American photographer, pioneer documentarian and a key figure among avant-garde filmmakers in the 1930s. Born in Cleveland, Steiner studied chemistry at Dartmouth, but in 1921 entered the Clarence H. White School of Modern Photography. White helped Steiner in finding a job at the Manhattan Photogravure Company, and Steiner worked on making photogravure plates of scenes from Robert Flaherty's Nanook of the North. Not long after, Steiner's work as a freelance photographer in New York began, working mostly in advertising and for publications like The Ladies' Home Journal. Through the encouragement of fellow photographer Paul Strand, Steiner joined the left-of-center Film and Photo League around 1927.
In 1929, Steiner made his first film, H2O, a poetic evocation of water that captured the abstract patterns generated by waves. Although it was not the only film of its kind at the time -- Joris Ivens made Regen (Rain) that same year, and Henwar Rodekiewicz worked on his water film Portrait of a Young Man (1931) through this whole period -- it made a significant impression in its day and since has become recognized as a classic: H2O was added to the National Film Registry in December 2005. Among Steiner's other early films, Surf and Seaweed (1931) expands on the concept of H2O as Steiner turns his camera to the shoreline; Mechanical Principles (1930) was an abstraction based on gears and machinery.
In 1930, Steiner joined the faculty of the so-called Harry Alan Potamkin Film School, which folded shortly before Potamkin's death in 1933; there he met Leo Hurwitz and, inspired by Hurwitz' ideas of utilizing film as a means of social action, left the Film and Photo League and joined Nykino, a loose coalition of New York based cinematographers who pooled footage for use in left-wing newsreels shown at worker's rallies, conventions and during strikes; precious few of these films have survived. During this time Steiner also worked on some topical, fictional "pool" film satires, including Pie in the Sky (1935), the earliest film to involve the talents of Elia Kazan.
Steiner worked, alongside Strand, Hurwitz and Paul Ivano as a cinematographer on Pare Lorentz' The Plow That Broke the Plains (1936) and likewise joined Lorentz on The River (1938) but did not receive credit. Although Steiner remained with Nykino throughout their transition into Frontier Films, he left in 1938, taking the footage of The City (1939) with him. The City, which Steiner co-directed with Willard Van Dyke and featuring original music by Aaron Copland, opened at the New York World's Fair in 1939 and ran for two years.
Despite his own stated disdain of Hollywood and the shared sentiments of his colleagues, in the 1940s Steiner went to Hollywood to work as a writer-producer, but returned to New York after only four years spent there. Then he plunged back into the world of freelance and fashion photography, working for Vogue, Look Magazine and others before retiring in 1962. Steiner then settled in Vermont, where for the rest of his days he worked only one subject; the Vermont coastline.
Steiner's still photographs are notable for their odd angles, abstraction and sometimes bizarre subject matter; the 1944 image Gypsy & Her Girls is sometimes mistaken for Weegee. His experimental films, however, are considered central to the literature of early American avant-garde cinema, and the influence of Ralph Steiner's visual style continues to assert itself; for example, contemporary avant-garde filmmaker Timoleon Wilkins cites Steiner as an inspiration.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Bio from "New Frontiers in American Documentary Film" by Nicole Huffman, University of Virginia
- Ralph Steiner at the Internet Movie Database
- Getty Museum Bio, with reproduction of "Gypsy & Her Girls"
- MOMA Collection Page for Ralph Steiner
- Canyon Cinema Page for Timoleon Wilkins
[edit] Filmography
- H2O (1929; cinematographer/director)
- Mechanical Principles (1930; cinematographer/director)
- Surf and Seaweed (1931; cinematographer/director)
- Panther Woman of the Needle Trades, or The Lovely Life of Little Lisa (1931; cinematographer/director)
- Pie in the Sky (1935; cinematographer/co-director)
- Cafe Universal (1936; cinematographer/director)
- Granite (1936; cinematographer/director)
- Harbor Scenes (1936; cinematographer/director)
- Hands (1936; cinematographer/co-director)
- The World Today: Black Legion (1936; cinematographer/co-director)
- The World Today: Sunnyside (1936; cinematographer/co-director)
- The Plow That Broke the Plains (1936; cinematographer)
- People of the Cumberland (1937; cinematographer)
- The River (1938; cinematographer)
- The City (1939; cinematographer/co-director)
