Roger Hollis

Sir Roger Hollis
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service	MI5
Rank	Director-General of MI5
Award(s)	KBE, CB
Born	2 December 1905
Died	26 October 1973
Nationality	British
Occupation	Intelligence officer, Businessman
Alma mater	Worcester College, Oxford

Sir Roger Henry Hollis, KBE, CB (2 December 1905 - 26 October 1973) was a British journalist and secret-service agent, who was Director General of MI5 from 1956 to 1965.

Early years

Roger Henry Hollis was born at Wells in Somerset, on 2 December 1905, the third of the four sons of the Revd George Arthur Hollis (1868–1944), vice-principal of Wells Theological College and later bishop-suffragan of Taunton, and his wife, Mary Margaret, the daughter of Charles Marcus Church, canon of Wells, a great-niece of R. W. Church, dean of St Paul's Cathedral. He was a younger brother of Christopher Hollis, later a writer and Conservative politician.

Hollis was educated at Clifton College, and Worcester College, Oxford. At school he was a promising scholar who went to Oxford with a classical exhibition. But at Oxford he read English, and in the view of his contemporaries seemed to prefer a happy social life to an academic one. He was also an enthusiastic and frequent golfer. In the memoirs of Evelyn Waugh he appears as ‘a good bottle man’, and in Sir Harold Acton's as an agreeable friend. Because of this easy-going approach, and for no more dramatic reason, he went down four terms before he was due to take his finals, wishing to travel.

Early professional career

Hollis worked in England for Barclays Bank, then as a reporter for the Shanghai Morning Post, and with British American Tobacco in China, where he remained for eight years. While in China, Hollis apparently associated frequently with the noted left-wing activist Agnes Smedley. Hollis developed tuberculosis, and returned to England in 1936 for a brief spell with the Ardath Tobacco Company, an associate of BAT.

On 10 July 1937 he married Evelyn Esmé (at Wells Cathedral) who was the daughter of George Champeny Swayne, of Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset, solicitor in Glastonbury. Their one child, Adrian Swayne Hollis, became a fellow and tutor in classics at Keble College, Oxford, and a chess player of international reputation, eventually earning the title of correspondence chess Grandmaster.

MI5 career

Hollis joined MI5 (the Security Service) shortly before World War II, and became an acknowledged expert on communism within the service, even during World War II with the concentration of resources on the Nazi enemy. When the war ended and the Cold War began, Hollis stayed on with MI5, and with many key personnel returning to civilian life, he was in a favourable position to become one of the key individuals in the service. In 1953 he was appointed deputy director-general, and replaced Sir Dick White in 1956 as head of MI5, after the latter's departure to head MI6.

Hollis held the DG role over the next nine years, during which time a string of high-profile spy cases went through the Old Bailey, including those of Anthony Wright, John Vassall, George Blake, Harry Houghton, Ethel Gee, Gordon Lonsdale, and the Krogers (the latter all part of the Portland Spy Ring).

Mole suspicions

After Kim Philby's flight to Moscow in 1963, rumours began to circulate that Hollis had alerted him to his impending arrest. He was also criticised for not alerting John Profumo, the War Secretary in Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's government, to the fact that he might have become entangled with a Soviet spy ring through his friendship with Stephen Ward, and his affair with Christine Keeler.

During the 1950s and 1960s, a large number of MI5 operations failed in circumstances that suggested the Soviets had been tipped off. Although many such failures were subsequently blamed on the actions of the self-confessed or defected agents Guy Burgess, Kim Philby and Anthony Blunt, a number of failures occurred after all three had lost their access to secret information. Thus, some in MI5 concluded that the Soviets must have an agent in a very senior position within the organisation. Peter Wright, Arthur S. Martin and others became convinced that either Hollis or his deputy, Graham Mitchell, could be the only ones responsible, eventually confiding their suspicions to their former DG, Dick White, by now DG of MI6.

According to Nigel West, White instructed Martin to inform Hollis that Mitchell was a suspect, and Hollis instructed Martin (after due consideration) to keep Mitchell under surveillance. Nigel West implies that this was a deliberate ploy to keep tabs on both Mitchell and Hollis.

Martin eventually became so disgruntled and outspoken about Hollis's attitude toward the investigation (Hollis had, for example, reduced the size of the department and had sent one of Martin's best men on an overseas assignment), that Hollis suspended Martin for a fortnight, and the case was turned over to Peter Wright. Much of the investigation was centred around the interviews with Anthony Blunt at that time, and Peter Wright had amassed a sizable amount of taped evidence from Blunt when Martin returned from suspension. After 1964, Blunt gradually confessed his double-agent role in exchange for immunity from prosecution.

Eventually the PETERS operation wound down. By then, some time after Hollis had retired, suspicion had lifted from Mitchell and focused solely on Hollis. However, the then Director-General, Martin Furnival Jones, refused to sanction an investigation into Hollis.

Under his successor Sir Martin Furnival Jones, the higher management of MI5 expressed indignation and loss of morale about the Hollis affair. Hollis was asked to come in and clear up the allegations. Having been the director, Hollis was aware of the procedures of the interrogation and investigation. He remained calm and composed throughout, denying all allegations. He was a very secretive man and MI5 had very little information about many aspects of his past, particularly his years in China. Later, in the 1970s, the Trend Committee under Lord Trend was entrusted with the matter of investigating Hollis and Soviet penetration of MI5 in general. After a long enquiry, it reported the allegations inconclusive, neither denying nor confirming them.

Martin and Wright and the team were unable to convince anyone else in MI5 or MI6 that they were right about Hollis. Wright retired in January 1976, upon reaching age 60, by his own account (in Spycatcher) enraged at being denied a pension for his 30 years of service, on highly legalistic and technical grounds. He emigrated to Tasmania, Australia, and there wrote an account of his work at MI5. Despite attempts by Margaret Thatcher and her government to suppress the publication and distribution of the book, Spycatcher, it was finally published in 1987, and eventually sold over two million copies around the world.

In the book Wright claimed that Hollis had been a Soviet agent. Amongst the evidence for this claim is the Igor Gouzenko defection. Hollis was sent to Canada to interview Gouzenko, a cipher clerk in the Soviet embassy in Ottawa. Wright wrote that Hollis justified his involvement in the case because it involved a communist defection in a Commonwealth nation, so it came under MI5's jurisdiction, and he (Hollis) was MI5's expert on communist matters. Gouzenko had provided Hollis with clear information about Alan Nunn May's meetings with his handlers; all these meetings were immediately cancelled. Alan Nunn May was a scientist and part of the Soviet spy ring which obtained the secrets of the Manhattan Project, which built the first atomic bomb for the United States. Gouzenko also noted that the man who met him seemed to be in disguise, not interested in his revelations, and discouraged him from further disclosures. In face of this circumstantial evidence, Wright became convinced that Hollis was a traitor. Wright alleges in Spycatcher that Gouzenko, who had worked for the GRU, himself deduced later that his interviewer might have been a Soviet double agent, and was probably afraid that he might recognize him from case photos that Gouzenko might have seen in KGB or GRU files, hence the disguise. Gouzenko also admitted that he, being a lower level clerk, had no access to such files. Peter Wright had given a televised interview during the dispute with Thatcher's government. Following Peter Wright's TV interview in 1984, Arthur Martin wrote a letter to the Times, and it was published July 19, 1984. Martin stated that while Wright exaggerated the certainty with which they regarded Hollis's guilt, Peter Wright was justified in saying that Hollis was the most likely candidate, for the reasons Wright had given.

In her 2001 autobiography, Christine Keeler (Profumo's mistress), alleged, without supporting evidence, that Hollis and Ward were part of a spy ring with Sir Anthony Blunt. Ward committed suicide as the Profumo scandal progressed. Hollis has also been accused by Arthur S. Martin (head of MI5's Soviet counter-intelligence section at the time), and Chapman Pincher (investigative journalist who produced several exposés of failures in British counter-intelligence) of being a Soviet agent, though entirely separate from the famous Cambridge Five spy ring. Pincher claims Hollis was recruited by Richard Sorge in China in the early 1930s to spy for the GRU. Little evidence has been advanced to support these assertions.

A further case for Hollis being a Soviet agent was made in 1989 by W. J. West in The Truth about Hollis. However, the testimony of ex-Soviet KGB agents (Oleg Gordievsky and Yuri Modin) has cast doubt on this, as they deny he was the so-called ‘fifth man’.

The book Treachery by Chapman Pincher is devoted to the case against Hollis as being "Elli", the highly placed mole within MI5 identified by the defector Gouzenko, and thus operating as a Soviet agent from the 1940s until Hollis' retirement from MI5.

In his book, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorised History of MI5, Cambridge professor Christopher Andrew used access to 400,000 MI5 files to compile an official history of the service. He claims he has proved conclusively that Hollis was not a double agent and that Wright was misguided at best. However, this view is again challenged in the revised edition of Chapman Pincher's book Treachery published in the UK in 2011.

In the 2009 ITV program Inside MI5: The Real Spooks Oleg Gordievsky recounted how he saw the head of the British section of the KGB, expressing surprise at the allegations that he read in a British newspaper about Roger Hollis being a KGB agent saying "Why is it they are speaking about Roger Hollis, such nonsense, can't understand it, it must be some special English trick directed against us" But Chapman Pincher in Treachery states that Hollis was believed to be a GRU agent, the GRU being a different organisation to the KGB.

Later life

On his retirement in late 1965, Hollis moved first to a house in Wells, which he occupied only until 1967. In 1968 his first marriage was dissolved, and he married Edith Valentine Hammond, his former secretary, the daughter of Ernest Gower Hammond, of Stratford upon Avon. They moved to a new home in the Somerset village of Catcott, where Hollis indulged his formidable skills as a golfer and undertook some modest jobs in local government. Peter Wright in Spycatcher asserts that Hollis and Hammond were carrying on a long-standing affair while both were at MI5. Hammond, according to Wright, was eligible for promotion at many points during her long service, including non-clerical positions related to intelligence analysis, but she consistently refused the opportunity to move to higher positions in MI5 in order to stay close to Hollis as his secretary.

His son, Adrian Hollis (born August 2, 1940 in Bristol), is a Grandmaster of correspondence chess, and was British Correspondence Chess Champion in 1966, 1967, and 1971. Philosopher Martin Hollis (1938–1998) was his nephew. His elder brother, (Maurice) Christopher Hollis (1902–1977), was a Conservative MP for Devizes from 1945 to 1955.

Publications

• Wright, Peter (1987). Spycatcher. New York and London: Viking Penguin Inc. 
• West, Nigel (1987). Mole Hunt. London: Wiedenfeld and Nicolson. 
• Chapman, Pincher (2009). Treachery: Betrayals, Blunders, and Cover-ups: Six Decades of Espionage Against America and Great Britain. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6807-4. 
• "Updated and uncensored UK edition" published by Mainstream Publishing Company, Edinburgh. ISBN 978-1-8459-6769-7. 
• Andrew, Christoper (2009). The Defence of the Realm The Authorized History of MI5. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-141-02330-4. 

External links

• "BBC '1988: Government loses Spycatcher battle'"
• "ABC Radio National PM interview with Christopher Andrew, Spycatcher trial prompted much needed intelligence reforms"

Government offices
Preceded by Sir Dick White	Director-General of MI5 1956 - 1965	Succeeded by Sir Martin Furnival Jones