Simian

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Pinethicket (talk | contribs) at 22:26, 24 August 2014 (Reverted edits by 86.130.99.174 (talk) to last version by Pinethicket). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other uses, see Simian (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Simien.

Simians[1][2]
Temporal range: Middle Eocene – Recent
Lar gibbon
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Haeckel, 1866
Subgroups

Catarrhini (Old World monkeys & apes)
Platyrrhini (New World monkeys)

The simians (infraorder Simiiformes, Anthropoidea) are the "higher primates" familiar to most people: the Old World monkeys and apes, including humans, (together being the catarrhines), and the New World monkeys or platyrrhines.

Classification and evolution

In earlier classification, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans—collectively known as simians or anthropoids—were grouped under Anthropoidea (/ˌænθɹəˈpɔɪdiə/, Gr. άνθρωπος, anthropos, human, also called anthropoid apes), while the strepsirrhines and tarsiers were grouped under the suborder "Prosimii". Under modern classification, the tarsiers and simians are grouped under the suborder Haplorhini while the strepsirrhines are placed in suborder Strepsirrhini.[3] Despite this preferred taxonomic division, the term "prosimian" is still regularly found in textbooks and the academic literature because of familiarity, a condition likened to the use of the metric system in the sciences and the use of customary units elsewhere in the United States.[4] In anthropoidea, evidences indicate that the old and the new world primates went through parallel evolution.[5]

Primatology, paleoanthropology, and other related fields are split on their usage of the synonymous infraorder names, Simiiformes and Anthropoidea. According to Robert Hoffstetter, and supported by Colin Groves, the term Simiiformes has priority over Anthropoidea because of the taxonomic term Simii by van der Hoeven, from which it is constructed, dates to 1833.[1][6] In contrast, Anthropoidea by Mivart dates to 1864,[7] while Simiiformes by Haeckel dates to 1866, leading to counterclaims of priority.[1] Hoffstetter also argued that Simiiformes is also constructed like a proper infraorder name (ending in -iformes), whereas Anthropoidea ends in -oidea, which is reserved for superfamilies. He also noted that Anthropoidea is too easily confused with "anthropoïdes", which translates to "apes" from several languages.[6]

The simians are split into three groups. The New World monkeys in parvorder Platyrrhini split from the rest of the simian line about 40 mya, leaving the parvorder Catarrhini occupying the Old World. This group split about 25 mya between the Old World monkeys and the apes. "Monkeys" are a paraphyletic group (i.e. not a single coherent group).

A visual mnemonic using one's hands to help remember this particular categorization of primates, with the right hand (palm upward) representing the apes, and the left hand representing the remaining primates. Traditional groupings of simians and prosimians are circled.

The following is the listing of the various simian families, and their placement in the order Primates:[1][2]

See also

References

Wikiquote has quotations related to Simians.
Wikispecies has information related to Simian.
  1. ^ a b c d Groves, C. P. (2005). "Simiiformes". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 128. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Rylands AB and Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB (ed.). South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  3. ^ Cartmill, M.; Smith, F. H (2011). The Human Lineage. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-21145-8.
  4. ^ Hartwig, W. (2011). "Chapter 3: Primate evolution". In Campbell, C. J.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K. C.; Bearder, S. K.; last = Stumpf, R. M (eds.). Primates in Perspective (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 19–31. ISBN 978-0-19-539043-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Missing pipe in: |editor5= (help)
  5. ^ Richard Swann Lull (1921). "Seventy Seven". Organic Evolution. Newyork: The Macmillan Company. pp. 641–677.
  6. ^ a b Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1016/0047-2484(74)90028-1, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi= 10.1016/0047-2484(74)90028-1 instead.
  7. ^ Tobias, P. V. (2002). "The evolution of early hominids". In Ingold, T (ed.). Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Culture and Social Life. Taylor & Francis. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-415-28604-6.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simian&oldid=622662110"