Sparrow

For other uses, see Sparrow (disambiguation).

Unikonta

Sparrows
A male House Sparrow
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Superfamily:	Passeroidea
Family:	Passeridae Illiger, 1811
Genera
Passer Petronia Carpospiza Hypocryptadius Montifringilla

The sparrows are a family of small passerine birds, Passeridae. They are also known as true sparrows, or Old World sparrows, names used for a genus of the family, Passer, as well. They are distinct from the American sparrows, which although similar in appearance are placed in the family Emberizidae, and from a few other birds sharing their name, such as the Java Sparrow. As eight or more species nest in or near buildings, and the House Sparrow and Eurasian Tree Sparrow in particular inhabit cities in large numbers, sparrows may be the most familiar of all wild birds. They are primarily seed-eaters, though they also consume small insects. A few species scavenge for food around cities and, like gulls or pigeons, will happily eat virtually anything in small quantities.

Description

Generally, sparrows tend to be small, plump brown-grey birds with short tails and stubby, powerful beaks. The differences between sparrow species can be subtle. Members of this family range in size from the Chestnut Sparrow (Passer eminibey), at 11.4 centimetres (4.5 in) and 13.4 grams (0.47 oz), to the Parrot-billed Sparrow (Passer gongonensis), at 18 centimetres (7.1 in) and 42 grams (1.5 oz). Sparrows are physically similar to other seed-eating birds, such as finches, but have a vestigial dorsal outer primary feather and an extra bone in the tongue. This bone, the preglossale, helps stiffen the tongue when holding seeds. Other adaptations towards eating seeds are specialised bills and elongated and specialised alimentary canals.

Distribution and habitat

The sparrows are indigenous to Europe, Africa and Asia. In the Americas, Australia, and other parts of the world, settlers imported some species which quickly naturalised, particularly in urban and degraded areas. House Sparrows, for example, are now found throughout North America, in every state of Australia except Western Australia, and over much of the heavily populated parts of South America.

The sparrows are generally birds of open habitats, including grasslands, deserts, and scrubland. The snowfinches and ground-sparrows are all species of high latitudes. A few species, like the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, inhabit open woodland. The aberrant Cinnamon Ibon has the most unusual habitat of the family, inhabiting the canopy of cloud forest in the Philippines.

Behaviour

Sudan Golden Sparrows are highly gregarious outside of the breeding season.

Sparrows are generally social birds, with many species breeding in loose colonies and most species occurring in flocks during the non-breeding season. The Great Sparrow is an exception, breeding in solitary pairs and remaining only in small family groups in the non-breeding season. Most sparrows form large roosting aggregations in the non-breeding seasons that contain only a single species (in contrast to multi-species flocks that might gather for foraging). Sites are chosen for cover and include trees, thick bushes and reed beds. The assemblages can be quite large with up to 10,000 House Sparrows counted in one roost in Egypt.

The sparrows are one of the few passerine birds that engage in dust bathing. Sparrows will first scratch a hole in the ground with their feet, then lie in it and fling dirt or sand over their bodies with flicks of their wings. They will also bathe in water, or in dry or melting snow. Water bathing is similar to dust bathing, with the sparrow standing in shallow water and flicking water over its back with its wings, also ducking its head under the water. Both activities are social, with up to a hundred birds participating at once, and is followed by preening and sometimes group singing.

Taxonomy

A sparrow chick in Italy

Painting of Black-winged Snowfinches

Yellow-throated Sparrow

Some authorities previously classified the related estrildid finches of the Old World tropics and Australasia as members of the Passeridae. Like sparrows, the estrildid finches are small, gregarious and often colonial seed-eaters with short, thick, but pointed bills. They are broadly similar in structure and habits, but tend to be very colourful and vary greatly in their plumage. There are about 140 species. The 2008 Christidis and Boles taxonomic scheme lists the estrildid finches as the separate family Estrildidae, leaving just the true sparrows in Passeridae.

Despite some resemblance such as the seed-eater's bill and frequently well-marked heads, American sparrows, or New World sparrows, are members of a different family, Emberizidae, which also includes the buntings. The Hedge Sparrow or Dunnock (Prunella modularis) is similarly unrelated. It is a sparrow in name only, a relict of the old practice of calling more types of small birds "sparrows". A few further bird species are also called sparrows, such as the Java Sparrow, and estrildid finch.

Species

This is a list of sparrow species:

• Passer, the true sparrows
  • Saxaul Sparrow, Passer ammodendri
  • House Sparrow, Passer domesticus
  • Italian Sparrow, Passer italiae
  • Spanish Sparrow, Passer hispaniolensis
  • Sind Sparrow, Passer pyrrhonotus
  • Somali Sparrow, Passer castanopterus
  • Russet Sparrow, Passer rutilans
  • Plain-backed Sparrow, Passer flaveolus
  • Dead Sea Sparrow, Passer moabiticus
  • Iago Sparrow, Passer iagoensis
  • Great Sparrow, Passer motitensis
  • Kenya Sparrow, Passer rufocinctus
  • Kordofan Sparrow, Passer cordofanicus
  • Shelley's Sparrow, Passer shelleyi
  • Socotra Sparrow, Passer insularis
  • Abd al-Kuri Sparrow, Passer hemileucus
  • Cape Sparrow, Passer melanurus
  • Northern Grey-headed Sparrow, Passer griseus
  • Swainson's Sparrow, Passer swainsonii
  • Parrot-billed Sparrow, Passer gongonensis
  • Swahili Sparrow, Passer suahelicus
  • Southern Grey-headed Sparrow, Passer diffusus
  • Desert Sparrow, Passer simplex
  • Eurasian Tree Sparrow, Passer montanus
  • Sudan Golden Sparrow, Passer luteus
  • Arabian Golden Sparrow, Passer euchlorus
  • Chestnut Sparrow, Passer eminibey
• Petronia, the petronias or rock sparrows
  • Yellow-spotted Petronia, Petronia pyrgita
  • Yellow-throated Sparrow, Petronia xanthocollis
  • Yellow-throated Petronia, Petronia superciliaris
  • Bush Petronia, Petronia dentata
  • Rock Sparrow, Petronia petronia
• Carpospiza
  • Pale Rockfinch, Carpospiza brachydactyla
• Montifringilla, the snowfinches
  • White-winged Snowfinch, Montifringilla nivalis
  • Black-winged Snowfinch, Montifringilla adamsi
  • White-rumped Snowfinch, Montifringilla taczanowskii
  • Père David's Snowfinch, Montifringilla davidiana
  • Rufous-necked Snowfinch, Montifringilla ruficollis
  • Blanford's Snowfinch, Montifringilla blanfordi
  • Afghan Snowfinch, Montifringilla theresae
• Hypocryptadius
  • Cinnamon Ibon

See also

• Great Sparrow Campaign

References

Works cited

• Christidis, L.; Boles, W. E. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9780643065116. 
• Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1988). The Sparrows. illustrated by Robert Gillmor. Calton, Staffs, England: T. & A. D. Poyser. ISBN 0-85661-048-8. 

External links

• Passeridae at the Internet Bird Collection