# Specific absorption rate

Specific absorption rate (SAR) is a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed by the body when exposed to a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field; although, it can also refer to absorption of other forms of energy by tissue, including ultrasound.[1] It is defined as the power absorbed per mass of tissue and has units of watts per kilogram (W/kg).[2] SAR is usually averaged either over the whole body, or over a small sample volume (typically 1 g or 10 g of tissue). The value cited is then the maximum level measured in the body part studied over the stated volume or mass.

## Calculation

SAR for electromagnetic energy can be calculated from the electric field within the tissue as:

$\text{SAR} = \int_\textrm{sample} \frac{\sigma(\mathbf{r}) |\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{r})|^2}{\rho(\mathbf{r})} d\mathbf{r}$

where

$\sigma$ is the sample electrical conductivity
$E$ is the RMS electric field
$\rho$ is the sample density

SAR measures exposure to fields between 100 kHz and 10 GHz (generally known as radio waves).[3] It is commonly used to measure power absorbed from mobile phones and during MRI scans. The value will depend heavily on the geometry of the part of the body that is exposed to the RF energy, and on the exact location and geometry of the RF source. Thus tests must be made with each specific source, such as a mobile phone model, and at the intended position of use. For example, when measuring the SAR due to a mobile phone the phone is placed at the head in a talk position. The SAR value is then measured at the location that has the highest absorption rate in the entire head, which in the case of a mobile phone is often as close to the phone's antenna as possible. Various governments have defined safety limits for exposure to RF energy produced by mobile devices that mainly exposes the head or a limb for the RF energy:

• United States: the FCC requires that phones sold have a SAR level at or below 1.6 watts per kilogram (W/kg) taken over a volume containing a mass of 1 gram of tissue.
• India:India SAR limit is 2 watt per kg . This is same as ICNIPR guidelines The inter Ministerial Committee of EMF Radiation set up by the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology had suggested stricter SAR Limits (1.6 wat per kg) form mobile handsets.
• European Union: CENELEC specify SAR limits within the EU, following IEC standards. For mobile phones, and other such hand-held devices, the SAR limit is 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue (IEC 62209-1). For Magnetic Resonance Imaging the limits (described in IEC 60601-2-33) are slightly more complicated:
Whole body SAR Partial body SAR Head SAR Local SAR Body Region Operating Mode ↓ whole body exposed body part head head trunk extremities (W/kg) (W/kg) (W/kg) (W/kg) (W/kg) (W/kg) 2 2 - 10 (b) 3.2 10 (c) 10 20 4 4 - 10 (b) 3.2 10 (c) 10 20 >4 >(4 - 10) (b) >3.2 >10 (c) >10 >20 The SAR limit over any 10 s period shall not exceed three times the stated values
Note: Averaging time of 6 minutes.

Notes:

(a) Local SAR is determined over a mass of 10 g.

(b) The limit scales dynamically with the ratio "exposed patient mass / patient mass":

NORMAL OPERATING MODE: Partial body SAR = 10 W/kg – (8 W/kg * exposed patient mass / patient mass)
FIRST LEVEL CONTROLLED OPERATING MODE: Partial body SAR = 10 W/kg – (6 W/kg * exposed patient mass / patient mass)

(c) In cases where the orbit is in the field of a small local RF transmit coil, care should be taken to ensure that the temperature rise is limited to 1 °C.

In comparison to the short term, relatively intensive exposures described above, for long term environmental exposure of the general public there is a limit of 0.08 W/kg averaged over the whole body.[4]

The SAR for mobile phones is generally in the range 0.5 - 1.5