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Five K-class ferries at Circular Quay in the 1920s. In the foreground is Koree (1902) and Koompartoo (1922) in the background left

The K-class ferries were a group of double-ended screw steam ferries run by Sydney Ferries Limited and its government successors on Sydney Harbour. The company introduced more than two dozen of the vessels from the 1890s through to the early twentieth century to meet the booming demand for ferry services across Sydney Harbour prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932.

The K-names were largely Australian Aboriginal names with their meanings listed in the table below.

Design

The K-class were not a group of identical ferries - they were delivered in batches of two or three identical sister ships - rather they were a general type of vessel that ranged in sized but shared a typical form. They were all double-deck, double-ended screw steamers with two raised wheelhouses and a single tall funnel. Apart from a few early vessels with open upper decks that were later enclosed, the K-class had enclosed upper and lower saloons with lower deck outdoor seating around the vessel, and the upper decks had smaller outdoor areas at either end around the wheelhouses. The boats were all timber-hulled with timber superstructures, except for four later and larger vessels that had steel hulls and timber superstructures - namely, sisters Kanangra and Kirawa (both 1912) and sisters Kuttabul and Koompartoo (both 1922). The boats' upper deck sheer or profile line were curved parallel to the hull sheer, in contrast to many contemporary ferries whose upper deck was built straight fore and aft.

Kareela was the first of Sydney Ferries Limited to have upper decks fully enclosed. The earlier K-class vessels, including Kurraba, Kirribilli, Koree and Kulgoa had only the sides of their upper decks enclosed leaving the ends open, with the roofs being squared off. On Kareela and all subsequent K-class vessels had an upper deck structure with curving roof lines that met at the rear of the wheelhouses thus the upper deck saloon was fully enclosed. Sliding doors gave access to the a small unroofed area surrounding the raised wheelhouses.[1]

Service history

K-class ferries, and two Manly ferries (top right) in Sydney Cove

The ferry trade to the North Shore increased rapidly and consistently from the turn of the century until the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932. The Sydney Ferries fleet became one of the largest in the world - the bulk of which in number and capacity were K-class - and carried 40 million passengers per year by the 1930s. With the opening of the bridge, many of the K-class vessels were deemed redundant and were decommissioned. More still were decommissioned following the NSW State Government takeover of Sydney Ferries in 1951. A handful of the K-class ferries (Karingal, Karrabee, Kanangra, Kameruka) were in service until the mid-1980s having been converted to diesel in the 1930s and 1950s.

During the launch speech for Kaikai in 1906, Sydney Ferries acknowledged they were deliberately naming their vessels with Aboriginal words starting with the letter "K".[2]

List of K-class vessels

Name Year Built Description Origin of name Tons Length & beam (m) Passengers Out of service
Kangaroo (II) 1891
Kangaroo in Neutral Bay
Built by David Drake Ltd, Balmain. 60 hp steam engine by Muir & Houston. First double-ended ferry with triple-expansion engines. Was burnt out in 1900 with a rebuild completed in 1901.[3] Worked on North Sydney service before being transferred to Mosman service.[4] Sold for breaking up 1926.		 Australian native animal 158 tons 34.1 by 6.6 metres
(111 ft 11 in × 21 ft 8 in)		 632 1926
Waringa
Karaga		 1894
as Waringa (circa 1905-1907)
Built by Dunn Brothers, Berry's Bay for North Shore Steam ferries and later taken over by Sydney Ferries Ltd. 30 hp compound steam engine by Muir & Houston Ltd, 11 knots. As built had open deck. In 1913, she was rebuilt by Morrison and Sinclair, and is renamed Karaga, with her original low sides heightened and her superstructure replaced, including a fully glazed upper deck.[5] Taken out of service following opening of Sydney Harbour Bridge. Taken over by Australian government in 1943 for use as accommodation vessel.		 125 tons 32.2 by 6.3 metres
(105 ft 8 in × 20 ft 8 in)		 588 1932(?), 1943 to RAN
Wallaroo
Kiamala		 1896
Wallaroo as built
Built by Young, Son & Fletcher, Rozelle. Originally built with open upper deck and sister ship to Carabella.[6] 30 hp triple expansion steam engines by Muir & Houston Ltd. Originally operated by North Shore Steam Ferry Company then by Sydney Ferries Ltd. Rebuilt in 1914 by David Drake, Balmain, NSW and glassed-in with named changed to Kiamala. Taken out of service following opening of Sydney Harbour Bridge. Taken over by Australian government in 1943 to assist the war effort[7] as an accommodation vessel. Fate unknown		 Wallaroo, Australian native animal. 122 tons 32.4 m (106 ft) 545 1943 to RAN
Carabella
Karabella		 1897 Sister to Wallaroo/Kiamala.[6] Built by Young, Son & Fletcher, Rozelle for North Shore Steam Ferry Company (later Sydney Ferries Limited) 30 hp compound steam engine by Muir & Houston Ltd. Received electric lighting 1901. Rebuilt, extended, and renamed Karabella in 1916. On 9 May 1901, collided with Rosedale near Milsons Point and damaged amidships. On 17 January 1902, collided with Sonoma and sponson damaged. Taken out of service following opening of Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932, however, in 1936 returned to service as an excursion vessel mainly following the 18 footer races. Returned to passenger service in 1939 on Neutral Bay route. Taken over by Australian government in 1943 to assist the war effort.[7][6] After a house built on North Shore in 1882-'Carrably' 129 t, 1916: 151 tons 32.0 by 6.6 metres
(105 ft 0 in × 21 ft 8 in)		 595 1932(?)
Kurraba 1899
Kurraba in Mosman Bay, c. 1909
Similar to Kirribilli (II). Built by North Shore Steam Ferry Co Ltd. 60 hp triple expansion steam engine by Campbell & Calderwood. 12 knots. Mainly used on the Mosman run.[8] Originally open upper deck was enclosed in 1903, and the fore and upper stairs to the upper deck were replaced by four internal companions.[9] Laid up 1932, sold for breaking up in 1934.		 Sydney harbourside suburb 195 tons 40.9 metres
(134 ft 2 in)		 890 1934
Kirribilli (II) 1900
Similar to Kurraba. Built by John Cuthbert, Sydney. 60 hp triple expansion steam engines by Mort's Dock & Engineering Co Ltd, Balmain. 12 knots. Served various North Shore runs. Retired following opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Broken up 1935.[10]		 Australian Aboriginal name meaning 'good fishing spot', and name of a Sydney suburb 198 tons 39.7 m x 7.9m 896 1934
Koree 1902
Koree carrying regatta spectators
Built by David Drake, Ltd, Balmain. 69 hp Triple expansion steam engine by Clyde Engineering Co. Ltd. 11 knots. First Sydney ferry built with enclosed promenade deck passenger house. Sold for breaking up in 1934.		 An Australian Aboriginal name for Chowder Bay 276 tons 42.8 m x 8.6 m 1,058 1934
Kummulla 1903
in Mosman Bay
Built by Dunn Brothers, North Sydney. 31 hp compound steam engine by Lees, Anderson & Co. 12 knots. Sea trials on 15 January 1903. Collided with Vaucluse in 1919 and was out of service for several weeks for repairs. In 1927, the first vessel to arrive and rescue passengers during the Greycliffe's sinking. Laid up following opening of Sydney Harbour Bridge, 1932. Engine removed 1935 and sold 1935. Hull sold 1939.		 An Australian Aboriginal name for "catch me". 168 tons 36.3 m x 7.6 m 795 1934
Kulgoa 1905
Kulgoa (1905) carrying regatta spectator crowds
Built by W M Ford Jnr, North Sydney. 60 hp triple expansion steam engine by Mort's Dock & Engineering, Balmain. 12 knots. Along with Kuramia, at 338 tons, the largest wooden ferries on Sydney Harbour.[11] Built to service the busy North Shore routes. In 1935, provided with a higher (flying) bridge for use as a spectator vessel for sailing events.[12] Sold for breaking up 1952 following State Government takeover.		 Australian Aboriginal word meaning 'returning' 338 tons 42.7 m x 9.6 m 1,255 1952
Kareela 1905
on Sydney Harbour ca. 1930
Built for Neutral Bay to Circular Quay Service by Morrison & Sinclair Ltd, Balmain. Trials on 7 September 1905 and entered service 4 days later.[13] 40 hp compound steam engine by Chapman & Co. Ltd. 10 knots. Nicknamed 'The Box'.[4] Sold for breaking up in 1959 after Kosciusko returned to service following her conversion to diesel power.		 Australian Aboriginal word for 'south wind' 186 tons 34.4 m x 8.2 m 784 1959
Kaikai 1906
Built by David Drake Ltd, Balmain for £13,575.[14] Triple expansion steam engine (59 hp). When launched, she was the longest of the Sydney Ferries Ltd fleet and a new pontoon was built at Circular Quay to accommodate her extra length. Survived opening of harbour bridge in 1932 and was modified (1920s?) with a flying bridge to provide her master with greater visibility in order to follow yacht races. She was used extensively for charter and concert events. To Navy 1942 for use as accommodation ship.[7] Navy purchased her in 1943. Sold for breaking up 1947.		 Australian Aboriginal word for 'jewfish' or 'food' 303 tons 46.3 x 10.1 m 1,245 1942
Kookooburra 1907
1930s or 1940s
Built by Morrison & Sinclair Ltd, Balmain. 61 hp triple expansion steam engine by Campbell & Calderwood. 12 knots. Represents Sydney Ferries Ltd's first attempt to design ferry specifically for Parramatta River service after it took over the service in 1901. Unusually for K-class, it was originally fitted with a short funnel for service along the river and its low bridges. Passengers, however, were showered with soot and awning was placed on promenade deck.[15] Smaller 'sister Kaludah (1909) was a similar design also with short funnel. Kookooburra and Kaludah were the only K-class ferries to have pointed ends. She is fitted with a taller funnel typical of K-class ferries relatively early in her career.

Along with Kubu and Kirrule she operated a successful sideline in the 1920s as a harbour excursion vessel. By the early 1940s, she was mainly serviced the Quarantine Station at North Head taking back to the city people who had been medically cleared for entry. Also used as a spare boat, most notably to the Lane Cove River where her speed was advantageous. In late 1940s, was sent to Newcastle to carry dockyard workers. Broken up in 1959.[16]		 Australian native bird 180 tons 42.7 m x 7.7 m 700 1948-49(?)
Kaludah, formerly Kuranda 1909
Kaludah 4 March 1911
Designed by Walter Reeks and built by Morrison & Sinclair, Ltd. Balmain. Launched and named as Kuranda on 9 December 1908 by Miss Enid Russell.[17] Built for Sydney Ferry Limited's semi-sea service around Middle Head.[17]
Of similar design to Kookooburra with short funnel to pass under low bridges on Parramatta River service.[15] Kookooburra and Kaludah were the only K-class ferries to have pointed ends. Built of hardwood and kauri with bent frames. She had five bulk heads, four of which were iron.[17]
Chapman and Co installed the machinery which was imported from Campbell & Calderwood in Scotland. The triple expansion steam engines (50 hp, 12 knots) had cylinders of diameter 12-inch, 20-inch, and 32.5 inch, with stroke length of 18-inches. She had two boilers each 18 feet long and 6 feet 9 inches in diameter with a working pressure of 180 lb.[17]
Use of the name Kuranda appears to have been short lived - a July 1909 Sydney Morning Herald article notes "The Kaludah, formerly Kuranda, commenced running in the Parramatta River service in May."[18] Caught fire at her moorings on 22 March 1911, drifted downstream, brought under tow alight by fire boat Pelvius, burnt herself to the water line and sank in Tarban Creek[19]...the shortest lived of the Sydney ferries. Engines and usable timber went to the Kamiri,[20][21][22]		 137 tons 35.1 x 7.6 m 1911
Kanimbla later Kurra-Ba 1910
Similar to Kosciusko. Built by Morrison & Sinclair Ltd, Balmain. Triple expansion steam engine by Mort's Dock & Engineering Co Ltd, 55 hp, 11 knots. On 15 June 1927, Manly ferry Balgowlah collided with Kanimbla at Circular Quay tearing a hole in the Kanimbla's port bow. Balgowlah had minor damage whereas Kanimbla nearly sank. Four people on Kanimbla were injured during the incident. Gave up her original name, Kanimbla, in 1935 to a bigger ship, and became Kurra-Ba.[23] Broken up 1950s.		 Australian Aboriginal word for 'Big fight' 156 tons 35.4 m x 8.8 m 791 1946(?)
Kirrule 1910
Identical sister to Kiandra & Kubu, the three of which were the second largest type of inner harbour vessels and built for the rapidly increasing North Shore demand. Built by Morrison & Sinclair Ltd, Balmain. 70 hp triple expansion steam engine by Mort's Dock Engineering Co Ltd. 13 knots. Along with her sisters, they were given greater power than earlier vessels of the same size so that longer runs to Mosman were quicker. All three vessels survived the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, but Kirrule and Kiandra were laid up following State Government takeover of Sydney Ferries Ltd in 1951.[24] She was considered for conversion to diesel, however, she was broken up in 1953.		 Australian Aboriginal word for 'aroused' 258 tons 42.7 m x 9.2 m 1,080 1951
Kiandra 1911
Built by Morrison & Sinclair Ltd, Balmain. 70 hp triple expansion steam engine by Mort's Dock & Engineering Co, Ltd. 13 knots. Identical sister to Kirrule & Kubu, the three of which were the second largest type of inner harbour vessels and built for the rapidly increasing North Shore demand. Along with her sisters, she was given greater power than earlier vessels of the same size so that longer runs to Mosman were quicker. Collided with Manly ferry Curl Curl on the 30 April 1930. The steel-built Curl Curl suffered no damage, whereas timber Kiandra was severely damaged to her sponson along one side. During the 1920s, Kiandra and her two sisters were used for harbour cruises and proved popular in this role.[25] Laid up immediately following State Government takeover of Sydney Ferries Ltd in 1951. Sold for breaking up 1953		 a corruption of Aboriginal 'Gianderra' for 'sharp stones for knives' and town in NSW   258 tons 42.7 m x 9.2 m 1,101 1951
Kosciusko 1911
as a steamer, pre-1932
Similar to Kanimbla. Built by David Drake Ltd., Balmain. 54 hp triple expansion steam engine by Campbell & Calderwell. 10 knots. Early in her service life, Kosciusko was rammed by a steel fuel barge under tow causing severe damage. She didn't sink only because the barge could not be easily removed and was sealing the hole in her hull. In August 1937, she collided head on with ferry Kiamala causing significant damage to both vessels.[26] Converted to diesel in 1959 (60 hp Crossley Brothers, 11 knots), allowing coal-fired Kareela to be retired. When first commissioned, she was a medium size ferry in comparison to the rest of the Sydney Ferries fleet, however, by 1975, she was the second largest. In 1975, towed to Hobart following collapse of bridge and sold to that city. Following re-opening of the bridge, she was sold and used as a floating restaurant, but burnt out during renovations in 1982. End of hull including propeller and rudder displayed outside hotel in Hobart.[27][28]		 Australian mountain named after Polish military leader Tadeusz Kościuszko 165 tons 35.4 m x 8.7 m 785 1975
Kanangra 1912
Sister ship to Kirawa who were the only steel-hull K Class vessels. Built by Mort's Dock & Engineering Co. Ltd, Balmain. 68 hp triple expansion steam engine (by builder). 13 knots. The last of the inner-harbour ferries to be converted to diesel (8-cylinder diesel, 44 hp, 11 knots) re-entering service in 1959. Retired 1985. Now part of Sydney Heritage Fleet and under restoration. One of the longest serving Sydney ferries and the last of the large early twentieth century Sydney ferries.		 Australian Aboriginal word for 'beautiful view' 295 tons 45.5 m x 9.7 m 945 1985
Kirawa 1912
Sister ship to Kanangra who were the first steel-hull K Class vessels (then only Kuttabul and Koompartoo had steel hulls). Built by Mort's Dock & Engineering Co Ltd, Balmain. 68 hp triple expansion steam engines by builder. 13 knots. Retired and broken up in 1953 due to faulty boiler tubes.[29]		 Australian Aboriginal word for 'looking for them' 295 tons 45.5 m x 9.7 m 1,070 1953
Kubu 1912
Identical sister to Kiandra & Kirrule the three of which were the second largest type of inner harbour vessels and built for the rapidly increasing North Shore demand. Built by Morrison & Sinclair Ltd, Balmain. 68 hp triple expansion steam engine by Mort's Dock & Engineering Co Ltd. 12 knots. Along with her sisters, she was given greater power than earlier vessels of the same size so that longer runs to Mosman were quicker. Used in the 1920s as an excursion vessel. Removed from service following Kanangra's return to service after conversion to diesel. The last coal-fired steam ferry on Port Jackson. Laid up in 1960.  		 Australian Aboriginal word for 'oak tree' 258 tons 42.7 m x 9.2 m 1,072 1959
Kamiri 1912
in Mosman Bay 1946
Sister to Kameruka. Built by Morrison & Sinclair Ltd, Balmain. Used engines and timbers of Kaludah which was gutted by fire in 1912. 50 hp triple expansion steam engines by Campbell and Calderwood. 11 knots. Retired in 1951 and broken up upon state government takeover of Sydney Ferries Ltd.[22][30]		 Name of Aboriginal Australian tribe 144 tons 34.1 m x 7.9 m 594 1951
Kameruka 1913
as a steamer, likely 1930s or 40s
Sister to Kamiri. Built by Morrison & Sinclair Ltd, Balmain for Parramatta River run. Relatively high speed ferry, and thus used on Taronga Zoo and river runs.[23] 53 hp triple expansion steam engines by Campbell and Calderwood. 12 knots. Burnt out in 1918 and rebuilt. 1938 boiler crowns collapsed and was not returned to work until 1945. In 1954 was converted to diesel (60 hp Crossley Brothers 6-cylinder, 11 knots) and given a more modern looking makeover.[30] One of the longest-lived Sydney Harbour ferries.		 Australian Aboriginal word meaning 'wait til I come' 144 tons 34.1 m x 7.9 m 594 1984
Karrabee 1913
as built as a steamer
Sister to Karingal. Built by Morrison & Sinclair Ltd. Original triple expansion steam engines (36 hp, Hawthorn, Leslie & Co.) were sourced from Pheasant (1887), Sydney's first triple-expansion steam ferry.[31] These engines are now part of the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences collection.[32] 1936 converted from steam to diesel-electric power (6-cylinder diesel, by Henty & Gardner), the first of the Sydney Ferries Ltd fleet converted. Re-engined 1958, 6-cylinder diesel, 450 bhp, Crossley Brothers. Used in 1966, along with Karingal, on a weekend and holiday service to Watsons Bay, however, the service ceased due to lack of passengers. 1984 sank at Circular Quay after competing in the annual Great Ferry Race. Raised two days later and laid up. 1986 sold and relocated to Gosford as floating restaurant. Sank at wharf in 2003 and broken up in 2005.		 Australian Aboriginal word for 'Cockatoo' 107 tons 32.8 m 653 1984
Karingal 1913
as a steamer
Sister to Karrabee. Built by Morrison & Sinclair Ltd., Balmain. Her original steam engines (28 hp Bow, McLachlan & Co) came from Alathea when she was converted to a lighter.[33] Karingal could make 11 knots with her original steam engines. Converted to diesel in 1937 (6-cylinder L. Gardner, 9 knots). Re-engined 1961 (450 bhp 6-cylinder diesel, Crossley Brothers). Used in 1966, along with Karrabee, on a weekend and holiday service to Watsons Bay, however, the service ceased due to lack of passengers. Sank in Bass Strait en route to new owners in Melbourne in 1980s.		 Australian Aboriginal word meaning 'happy home' 107 tons 31.7 m 608 1984(?)
Kuramia 1914 Along with Kulgoa, at 335 tons, the largest wooden ferries on Sydney Harbour.[11] Built by David Drake Ltd, Balmain. 69 hp triple expansion steam engines by Mort's Dock & Engineering Co. Ltd. 12 knots. Engine sold 1940, requisitioned for naval use in 1942 as a boom gate vessel on the harbour boom off Watsons Bay.[7][34] Hulk sunk as target of Sydney, 10 October 1953. 335 tons 47.7 m 1,357
Kuttabul 1922
Along with her sister, Koompartoo, she was the last of the K-class ferries and was one of the two biggest ferries owned by Sydney Ferries. Built by NSW Government Dockyard, Newcastle. 113 hp triple expansion steam engine by builder. 12 knots. With the largest passenger capacity of any Sydney ferry including Manly ferries, both vessels built for the short heavy lift run from Circular Quay to Milsons Point. Originally certified for 1,505 passengers, they later carried up to 2,500 passengers, and regularly 2,000. Removed from service following opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Due to their large size and relatively young age, other uses were found for them including cruises and to view harbour sailing events. Taken over by the Royal Australian Navy as an accommodation ship and moored on eastern shore of Garden Island. On 31 May 1942, sunk by Japanese torpedo with the loss of nineteen naval ratings (see Attack on Sydney Harbour). Naval base at Garden Island carries the name HMAS Kuttabul		 Australian Aboriginal word for 'wonderful' 447 tons 55.7 m x 11.0 m 2,089 1932
Koompartoo 1922 Built by NSW Government Dockyard, Newcastle. 113 hp triple expansion steam engine by builder. 12 knots. Along with sister Kuttabul, was one of the two biggest ferries owned by Sydney Ferries and the largest ferry on Sydney Harbour by passenger capacity. Both vessels built for the short heavy lift run from Circular Quay to Milsons Point. Made redundant on the Milsons Point run following 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and converted to concert boat in 1935. Converted to Naval boom-gate vessel 1942-42. Sold to Commonwealth Government 1945. Stripped hull went to Tasmania 1966 to be used as a bauxite barge.[35] Australian Aboriginal word meaning 'a fresh start' 447 tons 55.7 m x 11.0 2,089 1932(?)

Notes

  1. ^ Clark, L (1976). North of the Harbour. Broadmeadow, NSW: Newey & Beath Printers Pty Ltd. p. 10. ISBN 0-909650-05-5.
  2. ^ ferriesofsydney.com
  3. ^ "THE FERRY STEAMER KANGAROO". Evening News. No. 10, 580. New South Wales, Australia. 8 May 1901. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  4. ^ a b Andrews (1975), p. 30
  5. ^ "NEW FERRY STEAMERS". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 23, 643. New South Wales, Australia. 20 October 1913. p. 10. Retrieved 8 November 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  6. ^ a b c Prescott (1984), p 85
  7. ^ a b c d Andrews, Graeme (1975). The Ferries of Sydney. A.H. & A.W. Reed Pty Ltd. p. 93. ISBN 0589071726.
  8. ^ Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences
  9. ^ "THE KURRABA". The Australian Star. No. 4905. New South Wales, Australia. 3 November 1903. p. 3. Retrieved 12 December 2020 – via National Library of Australia.
  10. ^ Andrews (1982), p. 40
  11. ^ a b Andrews (1975), pp. 93, 116, 117
  12. ^ ferriesofsydney.com
  13. ^ Ferries of Sydney - Kareela
  14. ^ "SYDNEY FERRIES". The Sun. No. 2853. New South Wales, Australia. 25 August 1919. p. 5. Retrieved 16 October 2021 – via National Library of Australia..
  15. ^ a b Prescott (1984), pp. 15-16
  16. ^ Gunter (1978), p. 77
  17. ^ a b c d "NEW STEAMER FOR THE SYDNEY FERRIES". The Daily Telegraph. No. 9214. New South Wales, Australia. 10 December 1908. p. 8. Retrieved 29 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  18. ^ "THE FERRY SERVICES". The Sydney Morning Herald. No. 22, 321. New South Wales, Australia. 30 July 1909. p. 10. Retrieved 29 August 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  19. ^ "FIRE ON A FERRY ROAT". The Brisbane Courier. Queensland, Australia. 23 March 1911. p. 5. Retrieved 4 January 2020 – via Trove.
  20. ^ Gunter (1978), p. 11
  21. ^ Gunter (1978), p. 73
  22. ^ a b Andrews (1975), p. 59
  23. ^ a b Andrews (1982), p. 96
  24. ^ Andrews (1982), p. 104
  25. ^ Ferries of Sydney - Kiandra
  26. ^ "FERRIES COLLIDE IN SYDNEY HARBOUR". The Argus (Melbourne). Victoria, Australia. 12 August 1937. p. 9. Retrieved 4 January 2020 – via Trove.
  27. ^ Andrews (1982), p. 97
  28. ^ Prescott (1984), p. 71
  29. ^ Andrews (1982), p. 98
  30. ^ a b Prescott (1984), p. 37
  31. ^ Gunter (1978), p. 14
  32. ^ Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences
  33. ^ Andrews (1975), p. 19
  34. ^ Gunter (1978), p 78
  35. ^ Andrews (1975), p. 89

References

  • Andrews, Graeme (1975). The Ferries of Sydney. A.H. & A.W. Reed Pty Ltd. ISBN 0589071726.
  • Andrews, Graeme (1982). A Pictorial History of Ferries: Sydney and Surrounding Waterways. Sydney: AH & AW Reed Pty Ltd. ISBN 0589503863.
  • Gunter, John (1978). Across the harbour : the story of Sydney's ferries. Rigby. ISBN 0727007157.
  • Prescott, AM (1984). Sydney Ferry Fleet. Magill South Australia: Ronald H Parsons. ISBN 0909418306.
  • ferriesofsydney.com

See also

Media related to Sydney K-class ferries at Wikimedia Commons

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